Cestode infection

Cestibtantite Cesto cida Cestode infections Cestodes Cetadol Cetal... 

Agents used in the treatment of cestodal infections include praziquantel (see Section Vll.a.l), niclosamide and the benzimidazoles such as albendazole and mebendazole (see Section vn.b.l). Niclosamide and praziquantel are effective against Taenia solum (pork tapeworm). Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm). Taenia latum (fish tapeworm) and Hymenolepis nana (dwarf tapeworm). Praziquantel is a second choice drug after albendazole for cys-ticercosis caused by Taenia solum. Albendazole and mebendazole are alternatives. 

Praziquantel is effective in the treatment of schistosome infections of all species and most other trematode and cestode infections, including cysticercosis. The drug s safety and effectiveness as a single oral dose have also made it useful in mass treatment of several infections. 

Cestode Infection Immunological Considerations from Host and Tapeworm Perspectives... 

Cestode Infections and the Immune Response - Where Do We Go From Here . .. 203... 

At the outset of any consideration of the host immune response to cestode infection, the first question is why should we be interested in the immune response to cestodes The view could be advanced that the availability of effective anthelminthics and appropriate food preparation methods has reduced the impact of cestode infection on humans to almost an historical oddity. Not so. Tapeworm infection of humans... 

Fig. 9.3. Immunoglobulin E (IgE) and mast cell activation are important components of the mammalian response to cestode infections (ADCC, antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity Ag, antigen EO, eosinophils Feel, high affinity receptor for Fc portion of IgE LTs, leukotrienes Mac, macrophages NO, nitric oxide PGs, prostaglandins TNFa, tumour necrosis factor alpha).

Fig. 9.4. Diagrammatic representation of the major elements in the integrated immunophysiological response to the host aimed at detecting, destroying and eradicating cestode infections (Th2, T helper type 2 cell AB, antibody 5-HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) APC, antigen presenting cell).

Additionally, we demonstrated increased substance P and reduced vasoactive intestinal polypeptide levels, and increased numbers of serotonin-positive enteroendocrine cells that correlated exactly with H. diminuta expulsion following primary and secondary infections (McKay et al., 1990a, 1991) whether these neu-rohormonal changes are a cause or an effect of worm rejection remains to be clarified. Indeed, the role of the enteric nervous system needs to be incorporated into the consideration of the enteric response to cestode infection (McKay and Fairweather, 1997). 

Vaccines to assist with control of taeniid cestode infections would be most easily applied in the parasites definitive hosts because generally these are fewer in number and more readily accessed than are the intermediate hosts. However, there is little evidence of host-protective immune responses against Taenia and Echinococcus species in their definitive hosts and attempts to induce protective immune responses have been unreliable... 

Lightowlers, M.W. (1990) Cestode infections in animals immunological diagnosis and vaccination. Revue Scientifique et Technique Office International des Epizooties 9, 463 187. 

DNLM 1. Platyhelminths. 2. Cestode Infections. QX 350 P224 2005] I. Maule, Aaron C. II. Marks, Nikki J. III. Tittle. 

In spite of the widespread occurrence of slgA, not only in cestode infections, but in all other helminth intestinal infections, the role played by IgA remains unknown (921). In relation to this, it has been speculated (53) that IgA antibody is relevant in the control of the uptake of parasite antigens, their clearance from the circulation and in the modulation of the activities of various cells in the inflammatory events associated with infections this may involve enhancement of cytotoxic functions or the minimization of potentially pathogenic reactions. ... 

It is beyond the scope of this text to consider the immunodiagnosis of adult and larval cestode infections. Various aspects of this topic have been extensively reviewed by Flisser et al. (226), Fox et al. (228), Draper Lillywhite (183), Houba (337), Gottstein et al. (261), Rickard Lightowlers (690) and Walls Schantz (928). A major breakthrough in diagnosis has been the development of an anti-oncospheral monoclonal antibody for the unequivocal identification of eggs of Echinococcus spp. by immunofluorescence (154). 

Harrison, L. J. S. Parkhouse, R. M. E. (1986). Identification of protective antigens in Taenia saginata cysticercosis. Coopers Animal Health Symposium on the immunobiology and molecular biology of cestode infections. Abstract A2. University of Melbourne, Veterinary School Melbourne. 

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