Cerebrospinal fluid components

The transcellular fluid includes the viscous components of the peritoneum, pleural space, and pericardium, as well as the cerebrospinal fluid, joint space fluid, and the gastrointestinal (GI) digestive juices. Although the transcellular fluid normally accounts for about 1% of TBW, this amount can increase significantly during various illnesses favoring fluid collection in one of these spaces (e.g., pleural effusions or ascites in the peritoneum). The accumulation of fluid in the transcellular space is often referred to as third spacing. To review the calculations of the body fluid compartments in a representative patient, see Patient Encounter 1. 

An alternative system proved to be both simpler and more user friendly (Unger et al., 2004 Machtejevas et al., 2006). Thus far we have used this configuration to analyze human plasma, sputum, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and rat plasma. For each particular analysis we set up an analytical system based on a simple but specific strategy (Figure 9.5). The analysis concept is based on an online sample preparation and a two-dimensional LC system preseparating the majority of the matrix components from the analytes that are retained on a RAM-SCX column followed by a solvent switch and transfer of the trapped peptides. The SCX elution used five salt steps created by mixing 20 mM phosphate buffer (pH 2.5) (eluent Al) and 20 mM phosphate buffer with 1.5 M sodium chloride (eluent Bl) in the following proportions 85/15 70/30 65/45 45/55 0/100 with at the constant 0.1 mL/min flow rate. Desorption of the... 

Mean Values of the Components of Normal and Abnormal Cerebrospinal Fluid... 

Cerebrospinal fluid High Yes Some Close to blood component except low cholesterol and glucose... 

Antithrombin HI in cerebrospinal fluid can be easily denoted as an inflammatory marker. Correlations with levels of immunoglobulins, their intrathecal oligo-clonal synthesis, complement components, and acute-phase reactants confirm such concepts. Correlations with apolipoproteins and with the presence of lipophagic macrophages in cytological preparations confirm the elevation of CSF AT III levels when a destructive lesion of the CNS is present. 

It is often observed that the concentration of some other protein markers in cerebrospinal fluid is increased. In this respect, it is worth mentioning the increase in some acute-phase proteins, including transferrin, haptoglobin, and orosmucoid. Very frequently an increased concentration of the C3 component is observed in cerebrospinal fluid. Increased concentrations of apolipoproteins in cerebrospinal fluid are frequently seen as well, especially Apo A-I and, less distinctly, Apo B. Although these findings are common, they are also rather nonspecific, suggesting only that the destruction of tissue is present—in this case, the destruction of the central and peripheral myelin. 

Baker DG, West SA, Orth DN, Hill KK, Nicholson WE, Ekhator NN, Bruce AB, Wortman MD, Keck PE, Geracioti JD (1997) Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma beta endorphin in combat veterans with post traumatic stress disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 22 517-529 Bauer EP, Schafe GE, LeDoux JE (2002) NMDA receptors and L-type voltage-gated calcium channels contribute to long-term potentiation and different components of fear memory formation in the lateral amygdala. J Neurosci 22 5239-5249... 

There is also evidence of low levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of impulsive individuals. We might hypothesize that, in a nonresponsive, impulsive patient, diminished serotonin plays a role in the pathophysiology. This hypothesis could now be tested and simultaneously serve as the foundation for a pathophysiologically based treatment by choosing therapies specific for various components of this system. For example, the 5-HT agonist buspirone might be tried, because there is limited evidence from open trials that it has antiaggressive properties. 

In clinical work many biological fluids have been submitted to paper electrophoretic separation. Serum and urine have been studied extensively and the results were reviewed in Volume I of this series (p. 238). Other fluids include cerebrospinal fluid (B12, B14, E6, K18), pleura] fluid (D4), gastric juice (H6), ascitic fluid (H9), synovial fluid (W3), proteins of the lens (F4, W9, W10), aqueous humor of the eye (W12, W24), edema liquid (W23), and pericardiac effusion (G2). Apart from the general separation of plasma proteins, work has been done on special protein groups, such as lipo- and glycoproteins, muco-proteins, hemoglobins (H19), coagulation factors (05), and on other components, such as amino acids. 

DJI does not appear to be an essential component of LBs in sporadic cases (Bandopadhyay et al., 2004). DJI mutations are rare in sporadic PD but recent studies suggest that DJI may play an important role in common forms of the disease. Sporadic PD brain exhibits DJI with oxidative damage (Choi et al., 2006). Sporadic PD patients also demonstrate a significant increase in total cerebrospinal fluid DJI protein levels compared to normal controls (Waragai et al., 2006). 

High-resolution analyzers have been used to determine the molecular constituents of urine and blood serum as well as other body fluids, such as cerebrospinal fluid, perspiration, saliva, and amniotic fluid. Well over 300 molecular constituents can apparently be separated by a combination of all four types of analyzers however, many of the separated components have not actually been isolated and identified by spectral and chemical tests. 

Body fluids other than urine have considerably less complex low-molecular-weight component spectrums, at least at the concentration levels that can be detected by these analyzers. For example, blood serum samples, when compared with urine, will have about one-fourth as many chromatographic peaks of UV-absorbing constituents and carbohydrates and about one-half as many ninhydrin-positive and organic acid chromatographic peaks. Cerebrospinal fluid appears to have about the same complexity in UV-absorbing and carbohydrate components as does blood serum, and perspiration falls somewhere between urine and serum. 

The BBB of the brain has two major components. An endothelial layer lies between the arterial blood in the brain capillaries and the interstitial fluid of the brain. In humans, the surface area of the endothelial layer in the brain is approximately 21 square meters [51]. An epithehal layer lies between venous blood and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the choroid plexus, and has a surface area of only 0.021 square meters in humans [52]. At the spinal cord, the BBB... 

Cerebrospinal fluid. Both PAGE/gradient PAGE and lEF/gradient PAGE have been used in the analysis of csf proteins (44-73 components... 

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