Centrifuges basic mechanics

Briskman, V. Kostarev, K. Yudina, T. Comparative investigations of thermal and photopolymerization under action of centrifugal forces. Basic mechanisms of heat/mass transfer. In Centrifugal Materials Processing. Regel, L.L. Wilcox, W.R., Eds. Plenum Press N.Y., 1997, pp 247-255. 

Goldberg and Rubin [Ind. Eng. Chem. Proce.s.s Des. Dev., 6 195 (1967)] showed in tests with a disk spinning vertically to the foam layer that most mechanical procedures, whether centrifugation, mixing, or blowing through nozzles, consist basically of the application of shear stress. Subjecting foam to an air-jet impact can also provide a source... 

Classifier types fall into two basic categories (1) gravitational and (2) centrifugal classifiers. Gravitational classifiers can be subdivided into (1) sedimentation and (2) hydraulic classifiers. Furthermore each type falls into mechanical and nonmechanical types. 

The purpose of this chapter is to acquaint the process and mechanical engineer with the basic details of reciprocating, centrifugal, and other major types of process compressors. 

Figure 14-40. Basic simple gas-turbine consists of three principal pieces of equipment (1) compressor that raises pressure of atmospheric air and discharges it to (2) combustion chamber or furnace where the burning of fuel raises air temperature before it enters (3) turbine through which the heated gas expands and does work on the turbine blades. Major part of turbine output goes to drive compressor remainder is available power to drive shaft-connected mechanical equipment such as centrifugal compressor or other. (Used by permission Rowley, L. N. and B. G. A. Skrotzki. Gas Turbines, Power, p. 79, Oct. 1946. McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.)...

The two phases are thoroughly mixed to give buffer-saturated octanol in the top phase and octanol-saturated buffer in the bottom. Once the two phases have separated (this can take a while), the drug is added and the whole flask is shaken mechanically for at least an hour. The two phases are allowed to separate (or centrifuged, if you are in a hurry) and the concentration of drug in the aqueous phase is then determined. This may be done by titration if the drug is sufficiently acidic or basic or, more usually, spec-trophotometrically The concentration in the octanol phase is found by subtraction and the value of P is calculated. This method works perfectly well if there is sufficient sample and the drug possesses a chromophore to allow spectroscopic assay of the aqueous phase. 

This entry has presented a brief description of sedimenting and filtering centrifuges. The types of separation, separation duties, and modes of operation have been discussed. The basic common and distinct mechanical elements have also been dealt with. References are included for those readers seeking a more in-depth historical, theoretical, as well as practical background on the subject. 

Rotational separators. During the separation of particles in a rotational separator, both centrifugal and Coriolis forces are used. In contrast to other types of dry mechanical separators, a part of the separator — the rotor — is given a rotational motion. Depending on the different functions of the rotor, the separators may be divided into two basic types the ventilator type (the separator rotor serves as a moving wheel of the ventilator) and the centrifugal type (rotation in the rotor itself). 

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