Central nervous system product

Chiang, C.-S., Powell, H. C., Gold, L. H., Samini, A., and Campbel, I. L., Macro-phage/microghal-mediated primary demyelination and motor disease induced by the central nervous system production of interleukin-3 in transgenic mice, J. Clin. Invest., 97, 1512, 1996. 

An interesting set of central nervous system properties has also been discovered and studied (Table VI-10). The work devoted to piscaine must be emphasized besides finding hypnotic properties of 2-amino-4-phenyl-thiazole on fish, the authors studied the structure of the metabolite, as well as the localization of the (radio labeled) metabolic product in various organs. Recently, thiazol-4-yl methoxyamine was shown to inhibit the development of morphine tolerance (1607). 5-Aminothiazole derivatives such as 419a were proposed as cardiovascular agents (1608, 1610). Substitution of the 5-aminothiazole radical on the cephalophosphorin structure gives a series of antibacterial products (1609). 

In pharmaceutical appHcations, the selectivity of sodium borohydride is ideally suited for conversion of high value iatermediates, such as steroids (qv), ia multistep syntheses. It is used ia the manufacture of a broad spectmm of products such as analgesics, antiarthritics, antibiotics (qv), prostaglandins (qv), and central nervous system suppressants. Typical examples of commercial aldehyde reductions are found ia the manufacture of vitamin A (29) (see Vitamins) and dihydrostreptomycia (30). An acyl azide is reduced ia the synthesis of the antibiotic chloramphenicol (31) and a carbon—carbon double bond is reduced ia an iatermediate ia the manufacture of the analgesic Talwia (32). 

TCDD is the most potent inducer of chloracne. This has been well known since the accident in Seveso, Italy, in 1976 in which large amounts of TCDD were distributed in the environment subsequent to an explosion in a factory that produced a chlorophenoxy herbicide, 2,4,5-T. TCDD is an impurity produced during the production of 2,4,5-T. The most common long-term effect of TCDD exposure was chloracne. Exposed individuals also suffered increased excretion of porphyrins, hyper-pigmentation, central nervous system effects, and liver damage and increased risk of cancer was a long-term consequence of the exposure. In addition to TCDD, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and polychloronaphthalens cause chloracne as well as other effects typical of TCDD. 7i... 

The nervous system is a complex part of the human body concerned with die regulation and coordination of body activities such as movement, digestion of food, sleep, and elimination of waste products. The nervous system has two main divisions the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Figure 22-1 illustrates the divisions of die nervous system. 

Mizuno T, Kawanokuchi J, Numata K, Suzumura A (2003) Production and neuroprotective functions of fractalkine in the central nervous system. Brain Res 979(l-2) 65-70 Monteiro de Almeida S, Letendre S, Zimmerman J, Kolakowski S, Lazzaretto D, McCutchan JA, Ellis R (2006) Relationship of CSF leukocytosis to compartmentalized changes in MCP-1/ CCL2 in the CSF of HIV-infected patients undergoing interruption of antiretroviral therapy. J Neuroimmunol 179(1-2) 180-185... 

Ahn SY, Cho CH, Park KG, Lee HI, Lee S, Park SK, Lee IK, Koh GY (2004) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces fractaUdne expression preferentially in arterial endothelial cells and mithramycin A suppresses TNF-alpha-induced fractaUdne expression. Am J Pathol 164 1663-1672 Alfano M, Schmidtmayerova H, Amelia CA, Pushkarsky T, Bukrinsky M (1999) The B-oligomer of pertussis toxin deactivates CC chemokine receptor 5 and blocks entry of M-tropic HIV-1 strains, [see comments]. J Exp Med 190 597-605 Ambrosini E, Alois F (2004) Chemokines and glial cells a complex network in the central nervous system. [Review] [239 refs]. Neurochem Res 29 1017-1038 Azuma Y, Ohura K (2002) Endomorphins 1 and 2 inhibit IL-10 and IL-12 production and innate immune functions, and potentiate NE-kappaB DNA binding in THP-1 differentiated to macrophagelike cells. Scand J Immunol 56 260-269... 

Sheng WS, Hu S, Gekker G, Zhu S, Peterson PK, Chao CC (1997) Immunomodulatory role of opioids in the central nervous system. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 45 359-366 Sheng WS, Hu S, Lokensgard JR, Peterson PK (2003) U50, 488 inhibits HIV-1 Tat-induced monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (CCL2) production by human astrocytes. Biochem Pharmacol 65 9-14... 

Tetanus occurs when Cl. tetani, ubiquitous in the soil and faeces, contaminates wounds, especially deep puncture-type lesions. These might be minor traumas such as a splinter, or major ones such as battle injury. At these sites, tissue necrosis and possibly microbial growth reduce the oxygen tension to allow this anaerobe to multiply. Its growth is accompanied by the production of a highly potent toxin which passes up peripheral nerves and diSuses locally within the central nervous system. It acts like strychnine by affecting normal function at the synapses. Since the motor nerves of the brain stem are the shortest, the cranial nerves are the first affected, with twitches of the eyes and spasms of the jaw (lockjaw). 

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