Central nervous system anti-inflammatory drugs

This xanthine derivative is an only a modest bron-chodilator in COPD, and because of its narrow therapeutic range, frequently seen adverse effect and drug interactions, it is becoming less frequently used, some patients experience side effects even within the therapeutic range. The non-bronchodilator effects of theophylline such as systemic and pulmonary vascular dilatation, central nervous system stimulation, improvement of the strength and effectiveness of respiratory muscles and possibly anti-inflammatory effects are of disputed clinical significance at usual therapeutic levels. 

Abbreviations CNS, central nervous system COX, cyclooxygenase Gl, gastrointestinal NSAlDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs SIADH, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. From Pick DM, Cooper IW, Wade WE, et al Updating the Beers criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults Results of a U.S. consensus panel of experts. Arch Intern Med 2003 163 2716. 

M, metaboiism S, at or near site of action IV, intravenously MHS, malignant hyperthermia syndrome ALA, aianine ICU, intensive care unit CNS, central nervous system MAOI, monoamine oxidase inhibitor, NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ACE, angiotensin in-converting enzyme 5-HT, 5-hydrox ryptamine. 

Ma Huang has an anti-inflammatory activity (598). A survey for the active principle in the crude drug demonstrated that the most active one is pseudo-ephedrine. Ephedroxane was also isolated as a minor anti-inflammatory principle. The mechanism of the anti-inflammatory action of these compounds does not involve the central nervous system. Of several mechanisms considered, inhibition of prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis may be of great importance (398). 

Figure 7-1 Sensitization of nociceptors by prostaglandins and other inflammatory mediators to produce pain and inflammation in ocular tissues. Clinically useful analgesics act either in peripheral tissues by inhibiting prostaglandin production or centrally by interrupting the pain signal and its emotional consequences. (CNS = central nervous system NSAlDs = nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs PGE2 = prostaglandin E2.)...

ACE-I, indicates angiotensin converting-enzyme inhibitor BP, blood pressure CNS, central nervous system GI, gastrointestinal INR, international normalization ratio K+, potassium NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug SSRI, selective serotonin receptor inhibitor TCA, tricyclic antidepressant. 

Key CNS, central nervous system NSAEDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs COMT, catechol-O-metliyltransferase CBC. complete blood count TIA, transient ischemic attack INR, international normalized ratio. 

Hoppmann, R. A., Peden, J. G., Ober, S. K. (1991). Central nervous system side effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Archives of Internal Medicine, 151, 1309-1313. 

ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme CNS central nervous system COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease DPIs dry-powder inhalers EDTA ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid EDA Eood and Drug Administration EEVi forced expiratory volume in 1 second HIV human immunodeficiency virus IPS idiopathic pneumonia syndrome NSAIDs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs... 

CBC, complete blood cell count CNS, central nervous system EEC, electroencephalogram PT, prothrombin time NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug PPF, plasma protein fraction TIPS, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. 

CML, chronic myelogenous leukemia CNS, central nervous system KS, Kaposi s sarcoma NHL, non-Hodgkin s lymphoma NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. 

POLYPEPTIDE ANTIBIOTICS OF MEDICINAL INTEREST—R. O. Studer NON-STEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS—S. S. Adams and R. Cobb THE PHARMACOLOGY OF HEPARIN AND HEPARINOIDS—L. B. Jaques THE HISTIDINE DECARBOXYLASES—D. M. Shepherd and D. Mackay PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS AND NEUROHUMORAL SUBSTANCES IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM—J. Crossland THE NITROFURANS—K. Miura and H. K. Reckendorf... 

It will be evident from the ensuing chapters that heterocycles play an extremely important role in drug discovery, in general, and in medicinal chemistry, in particular. Heterocycle-containing drugs are found in all therapeutic areas including cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, central nervous system (CNS), anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, anti-infective drugs, and so on. 

This book has six sections. Section 1, Infectious Diseases covers five drugs Section II, Cancer reviews five drugs, three of which are kinase inhibitors Section IE covers one drug that targets cardiovascular and metabolic diseases Section IV on central nervous system diseases concerns four classes of recent drugs Section V sununarizes a new anti-inflammatory drug and Section VI covers two additional drugs. 

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