Central melanoma cells

To the extent that it is possible, we attempt to simplify the picture by discussing separately each of the cellular systems in which evidence exists for retinoid-mediated effects on protein kinases and protein phosphorylation. In studies of the biochemical effects of retinoids we are again faced with the central role occupied by their specific effects on neoplastic cells. The cellular systems employed for these studies have been either murine embryonal carcinoma cells (F9) or human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60), each of which has been demonstrated to undergo terminal differentiation to nonneoplastic cell types following retinoid treatment (see Section IV,B,1 and 2), or murine melanoma cells in which retinoids have a marked antiproliferative effect (Section IV,B,3). 

Larochelle C, Cayrol R, Kebir H et al (2012) Melanoma cell adhesion molecule identifies encephalitogenic T lymphocytes and promotes their recruitment to the central nervous system. Brain 135 2906-2924... 

Table 7 lists S-100-positive tumors and their positivity with additional markers. Myelin basic protein (MBP) (30) is a single-chain polypeptide associated with the central and peripheral nervous system. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and neurofilament proteins (NFP) are intermediate filaments associated with glial cells and neural cells, respectively. HMB-45 is a mouse monoclonal antibody that reacts with an antigen present in premelanosomes. It is highly sensitive and specific for melanomas and certain nevi (junctional, congenital, blue nevi). EMA has been discussed in Section 3.1.3.1. 

IL-2 has been approved for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma and also has shown good activity in malignant melanoma. Both of these tumors are refractory to chemotherapy. IL-2 has also been used investigationally, both alone and in combination with LAK cells, with chemotherapy and with other biological response modifier s (BRM s) to treat a variety of different cancers (e.g., head and neck carcinoma, colorectal cancer, central nervous system cancer etc). In addition to cancer therapy, IL-2 has been used to treat patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus and it has been used ex vivo to generate antiviral T cells which were reinfused into patients (Lewko and Oldham, 2003 Dorr, 1993). 

The effects of the molecular structure of phosphonium- and ammonium-based ILs and ILBSs side chain counterion BF , PF ,Tf2N") on the antitumor activity and cytotoxicity were evaluated in vitro for the first time for the NCI-60 human tumor cell lines. All surface-active compounds (see Rg. 4.12) were found to be active against leukemia, melanoma, lung, colon, kidney, ovary, breast, prostate, and central nervous system cancer cells the tetra(l-butyl)ammonium TfjN" was not [87]. 

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