Cellulose nanocrystal composites

Cellulose nanocrystals have been used in the elaboration of ceramics [170, 171], Shin and Exarhos [170] have prepared porous Titania by using a template process with cellulose nanocrystals. A colloid suspension of cellulose nanocrystals was added into titanium (IV) bis(ammonium lactate)dihydroxide (Tyzor-LA) to form a Tyzor-LA-cellulose nanocrystals composite. After calcination at 500 °C in air, a porous structure was obtained. 

H. Liu, S. Cui, S. Shanga, D. Wang, and J. Song, Properties of rosin-based waterborne polyurethanes/cellulose nanocrystals composites. Carbohydr. Polym. 96, 510-515 (2013). 

The glass transition temperature (Tg) of cellulose reinforced composites is an important parameter which influences different properties of the resulting composite such as mechanical behavior, matrix chains dynamics and swelling behavior. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) are used to evaluate the Tg value of cellulose nanocomposites. In some cases, the addition of cellulose nanocrystals into polymer matrices does not seem to affect the... 

Peresin, M.S., Habibi, Y., Zoppe, J.O., Pawlak, J.J., Rojas, O.J. Nanofiber composites of polyvinyl alcohol and cellulose nanocrystals manufacture and characterization. 

Yang J, Han CR, Zhang XM, Xu F, Sun RG (2014) Cellulose nanocrystals mechanical reinforcement in composite hydrogels with multiple cross-links correlations between dissipation properties and deformation mechanisms. Macromolecules 47 4077-4086... 

Ljungberg N, Cavaille J-Y, Heux L (2006) Nanocomposites of isotactic polypropylene reinforced with rod-like cellulose whiskers. Polymer 47 6285-6292 Lu Y, Weng L, Cao X (2005) Biocomposites of plasticized starch reinforced with cellulose crystallites from cottonseed linter. Macromol Biosci 5 1101-1107 Lu J, Wang T, Drzal LT (2008) Preparation and properties of microfibrillated cellulose polyvinyl alcohol composite materials. Compos Part A 39A 738-746 Magalhaes WLE, Cao X, Lucia LA (2009) Cellulose nanocrystals/cellulose core-in-shell nanocomposite assemblies. Langmuir. doi 10.1021Aa901928j Malainine ME, Mahrouz M, Dufresne A (2005) Thermoplastic nanocomposites based on cellulose microfibrils from Opuntiaficus-indica parenchyma cell. Compos Sci Technol 65 1520-1526 Marchessault RH, Sundararajan PR (1983) Cellulose. In Aspinall GO (ed) The polysaccharides. Academic, New York... 

Gray [21] obtained a new, interesting type of polymeric-cellulose composites. The matrix filler he used was cellulose nanocrystals extracted from cotton and ramie fibers and, next, isolated with the help of bacteria. He conducted microscopic analyses for two variants of samples. The first sample was built like a sandwich composite, while the other was composed of evaporated nanocrystals of cellulose covered with polypropylene disc. Gray observed the formation of TCL in both samples and explained it as a result of some kind of epitaxy. Increased nucleation was noted on the edges of the layer. It was suggested that nucleation goes better at the ends of fibers as compared to longitudinal surface. 

Xu, S., Girouard, N., Schueneman, G., Shofner, M.L., Mtacdith, J.C. Mechanical and thermal properties of waterborne epoxy composites containing cellulose nanocrystals. Polym. 54, 6589-6598 (2013)... 

Peresin S. Maria, Habibi Youssef, Zoppe O. Justin, Pawlak J. Joel, and Rojas J. Orlando. Nanofiber composites of polyvinyl alcohol and cellulose nanocrystals Manufacture and characterization. Biomacromolecules. 11 no. 3 (2010) 674-681. 

Cao et al. (2008a), used starch, glycerol, a cellulose nanocrystaUites suspension and distilled water mixed together to obtain a homogeneous dispersion and fabricate plasticized starch/flax cellulose nanocrystals (S/FC-NC) composite films. 

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