Composites cellulose/epoxy

In June 1998, at USDA-ARS s Southern Regional Research Center we were asked to design new materials from cotton and bagasse-derived cellulose 1 that could serve emerging needs in the textile, composites, and chiral materials markets. At that time, we had synthesized and characterized sucrose-based epoxies (1) and we wanted to extend our work to cellulose-derived epoxies and take advantage of existing cellulose epoxy literature (2). We chose to work with cellulose ethers, because unlike its esters, ethers are kinetically and thermodynamically more stable, and they appeared easy to prepare and characterize. However, after a few early experiments with cellulose ether derived epoxies, my collaborators and I soon found our efforts hampered. This is because we were imable to use existing information to ... 

A composite material is a two-phase or multiphase compact material with its components (phases) separated by interfaces which can be formed naturally or be manmade. One of the composite material phases is the matrix (phase I). It exists in the solid (crystalline or amorphous) state of aggregation. Within the matrix, particles are distributed discretely. This is phase II or disperse phase [23]. Biocomposites are composite materials made from natural fiber and petroleum-derived nonbiodegradable polymers like PP, PE, and epoxies or biopolymers like poly lactic acid (PLA), cellulose esters. Composite materials derived from biopolymer and synthetic fibers such as glass and carbon come under biocomposites. Biocomposites derived from plant-derived fiber (natural/biofi-ber) and crop/bioderived plastics (biopolymer/bioplastic) are likely more ecofriendly, and such biocomposites are sometimes termed green composites [24]. 

Xu, S., Girouard, N., Schueneman, G., Shofner, M.L., Mtacdith, J.C. Mechanical and thermal properties of waterborne epoxy composites containing cellulose nanocrystals. Polym. 54, 6589-6598 (2013)... 

Dioxolane is used to dissolve a wide spectrum of polymeric materials such as acrylates, alkyds, cellulosics, epoxys, polycarbonates, polyesters, urethanes, and vinyl resins. In many cases, 1,3-dioxolane solvent can replace the chlorinated solvents that were used previously to dissolve many of these polymers. The excellent solvency of 1,3-dioxolane for polymeric compositions makes this cyclic ether a valuable component in paint remover formulations. 

Chen HT, Gao J, Wang G, Shi SQ, Zhang SB, Cai LP (2004) Effect on temperature on calcium carbonate deposition in situ on bamboo fiber and polymer interfaces. Wood Fiber Sci 46 1-12 Datta C, Basu D, Baneijee AN (2002) Mechanical and dynamical mechanical properties of jute fibers-Novolac-Epoxy composite laminates. J App Polym Sci 85 2800-2807 Garea SA, Nicolescu A, Deleanu C, lovu H (2010) New nanocomposites based on epoxy resins reinforced with modified montmorillonite. Int J Polym Anal Charact 15 497-508 Ghosh P, Mitra PS, Baneijee AN (2003) Photopolymerization of methyl methacrylate with the use of bromine as photoinitiator. J Polym Sci Polym Chem Ed ll(8) 2021-2030 Jia N, Li SM, Ma MG, Sun RC, Zhu L (2011) Green microwave-assisted synthesis of cellulose/ calcium silicate nanocomposites in ionic liquids and recycled ionic liquids. Caibohydr Res 34 2970-2974... 

Masoodi R, El-Hajjar RF, Pillai KM, Sabo R (2012) Mechanical characterization of cellulose nanofibca- and bio-based epoxy composite. Maha- Des 36 570-576 Melo Cd, Garcia PS, Grossmann MVE, YamashitaF, Dali Antonia LH, Mali S (2011) Properties of extraded xanthan-starch-clay nanocomposite films. Braz Arch Biol Technol 54 1223-1333 Mogri Z, Paul DR (2001) Water-vapor permeation in semicrystalhne and molten poly(octadecyl acrylate). J Polym Sci, Part B Polym Phys 39 979-984 Mohanty AK, Misra M, Drzal LT (2002) Sustainable bio-composites from renewable resources opportunities and challenges in the green mahaials worid. J Polym Environ 10 19-26... 

M. Sumaila, I. Amber, and M. Bawa, Effect of fiber length on the physical and mechanical properties of ramdom oriented, nonwoven short banana (musa balbisiana) fibre/epoxy composite. Cellulose 62, 64 (2013). 

Transparent moldings Transparent plastic windshields Potting resins with epoxy resins Sizing for cellulosics, potting compositions... 

Lu, )., Askeland, P., and Drzal, L.T. (2008) Surface modification of mi-crofibrillated cellulose for epoxy composite applications. Polymer, 49, 1285-1296. 

Lu, J., Askel, R, Drzal LT (2008). Surface modification of microfibrillated cellulose for epoxy composite applications. Polymer 49 1285-12%. 

Composite-Based Laminates. Grade CEM-1 are laminates with continuous-filament glass cloth surfaces and a cellulose core, all with a flame-resistant epoxy resin binder. With good punching practice, sheets up to and including 2.4 mm (0.094 in.) in thickness may be punched at temperatures not less than 23°C (73°F). These laminates meet UL94 V-0 when tested in accordance with UL94. 

Sachinvala, N. D., et al., Use of Sucrose-based Epoxy Formulations and Cellulosic Fibers in the Design, Preparation and Screening of New Composite Insulation Materials, Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 13, 66-79 (2002). 

Epichlorohydrin or chloromethyloxirane is manufactured from allyl chloride, and, in 2006, had a merchant price of US 1.66 kg [4]. It is used as a building block in the manufacture of plastics, epoxy resins, phenoxy resins, and other polymers, and as a solvent for cellulose, resins, and paints, and has also found use as an insect fumigant. Epoxy resins (aryl glycidyl ethers) are manufactured successfully in large scale (1.2 x 10 metric tons in 2000) [26] and are widely used in a variety of industrial and commercial applications [27]. These are made by addition reactions of epichlorohydrins or by epoxidation of allyl ethers or esters (Table 1.1). Epichlorohydrin can be reacted with an alkali nitrate to produce glycidyl nitrate, an energetic binder used in explosive and propellant compositions. 

Fibers having an aspect ratio of above 10, such as glass fibers, asbestos, wollastonite, cellulose fibers, carbon fibers, and whiskers, act as reinforcing agents. Composites may be classified into four groups, as shown in Table II. In modern composites, such as in the case of epoxy resins reinforced with carbon fibers (51). the polymer matrix has only a secondary function to separate the individual fibers from one another and to transfer energy to the fiber surface the fibers almost completely withstand the mechanical load. 

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