Cellulose derivatives ethers

Greminger, G.K. Jr. (1979) Cellulose derivatives, ethers. In Kirk-Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, M. Grayson (Ed.), Vol. 5, 3rd ed., 144 163, New York Wiley- Interscience. 

Cellulose derivatives ethers e. g. carboxy methyl cellulose... 

Cellulose Deriva.tives, Cellulose can be derivatized to make both water-soluble gums and hydrophobic polymers. The preparation of the hydrophobic cellulose esters (qv), cellulose acetates and cellulose nitrates, has already been mentioned. The water-soluble cellulose derivatives are cellulose ethers (qv). 

Antiredeposition agents contribute to the appearance of washed fabrics. Sodium carboxymethylceUulose [9004-32-4], NaCMC is the most widely used, and on cotton fabrics, the most effective. With the advent of synthetic fabrics, other cellulose derivatives, eg, methylceUulose [9004-67-5], hydroxybutjiceUulose, hydroxypropyl- and mixed methyl and hydroxybutyceUulose ethers have been shown to be more effective than NaCMC (8) (see... 

Many cellulose derivatives have been prepared of which the esters and ethers are important. In these materials the hydroxyl groups are replaced by other substituent groups. The degree of substitution is the term given to the average number of hydroxyl groups per anhydroglucose unit that have been replaced. 

The main focus of this account is to review some aspects of the chemistry of cellulose esters. Emphasis is placed on the esterification reaction, carried out under the homogenous reaction conditions (HRC) scheme. Unconventional methods for the synthesis of cellulose derivatives, e.g., esters and ethers... 

The introduction of certain types of ether groups into the cellulose molecule enhances the hydrophilic properties of the latter. In particular, such groups as methoxyl, hydroxyethyl and carboxymethyl, when present in the proper amounts, render the cellulose derivative soluble in water. 

These thermotropic cellulose derivatives are of course of interest from the viewpoint of their structure and properties and might be considered for such applications as chiroptical filters. However, they are unlikely to be considered for fiber formation and certainly not for regenerated fibers, as essenti dly they are ethers of cellulose and desubstitution woiild be difficult. Pawlowski et al. (I2fi) prepared a series of cellulose derivatives, namely phenylacetoxy, 4-meflioxyphenyl-acetoxy-, and p-tolylacetoxy cellulose and tnmethylsilyl cellulose that... 

The ethyl ether of cellulose contains no less than 45% and not more them 50% ethoxy groups. It is available as a free-flowing stable white powder, insoluble in water, glycerol, and other hydrophilic solvents, but soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol, ethylacetate, and chloroform. This cellulose derivative is mainly used as a tablet binder. 

These considerations sparked our investigation into the possibility of producing responsive polymer gels from cellulose ether polymers. Cellulose ethers are alkyl-substituted cellulose derivatives which are on the FDA s GRAS list for use in food and pharmaceutical formulations. Since most cellulose ethers display lower critical solution temperatures (LCST), as gels they should be temperature... 

Faraone, Parasacco, and Cogrossi (87) have introduced maleic and crotonic ester groups and methacryloyl ethylamine ether groups into partially acetylated celluloses. These cellulose derivatives containing substituents with polymerizable double bonds grafted with styrene when brought in contact in presence of benzoyl peroxide. 

CA 44, 11173(1950XNonyl esters, especially the benzoate, chlorobenzoate formate as plasticizers for NC other cellulose derivs) 64)H.A.Aaronson, PATR 1786(1950) (Kinetics of soln of NC s in expl plasticizers) 65)BritCelanese, Ltd, BritP 654771(1951) CA 47, 605(1953XM°noethers of l,4-butaned ol, such as mono-Bu ether, as plasticizers for NC) 65a)L.Brissaud M.Leclercq, MP 33, 473 80... 

Cellulose, the most abundant renewable agricultural raw material, is transformed into multifarious products affecting every phase of our daily life. The presence of active hydroxyl groups in cellulose has been utilized in a variety of chemical reactions to produce commercially important cellulose derivatives, such as cellulose ethers and cellulose esters. Although the practical purpose of cellulose derivatization is by and large to improve various properties of the original cellulose, these cellulose derivatives are often not competitive with most of the petrochemically derived synthetic polymers. In order to provide a better market position for cellulose derivatives, there is little doubt that further chemical modification is required. Grafting of vinyl monomers onto cellulose and... 

Cellulose ethers are a wide-ranging family of cellulose derivatives, commonly used in the food and pharmaceutical industry. Methyl, ethyl and propyl cellulose esters are used as drilling aids in mining and as detergents. They are also used as coatings and adhesives in cosmetic and pharmaceutical products. 

Bikales, N. M. (1971). Ethers from a,jS-unsaturated compounds. In "Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives" (N. M. Bikales and L. Segal, eds.), Part V, pp. 811 -833. Wiley (Interscience), New York. 

Cellulose is an old polymer with new industrial applications. The derivatization of cellulose has opened up tremendous production and marketing possibilities for the adhesives industry. Various important adhesives have been derived from cellulose ethers. The structure and molecular size of cellulose and their influence on swelling and solubility are important considerations in the preparation of cellulose derivatives for adhesive applications. Modern cellulosic adhesives derived from grafted copolymers and polyblends are also proving very useful. 

Cellulose constitutes a ubiquitous and renewable natural material that has great potential for chemical conversion into high-quality adhesive products. The resurrection of research and development of cellulose derivatives, such as cellulose esters and ethers, cellulose graft-copolymers, and cellulose polyblends, has instituted new avenues for adhesive applications. There is little doubt that new solvent systems for cellulose have created the potential of developing uniform cellulose products with superior properties for adhesive applications. 

Research on nasal powder drug delivery has employed polymers such as starch, dextrans, polyacrylic acid derivatives (e.g., carbopol, polycarbophil), cellulose derivatives (microcrystalline cellulose, semicrystalline cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose), chitosan, sodium alginate, hyaluronans, and polyanhydrides such as poly(methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic anhydride) (PVM/MA). Many of these polymers have already been used as excipients in pharmaceutical formulations and are often referred to as first-generation bioadhesives [38-45], In nasal dry powder a single bioadhesive polymer or a... 

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