Cellular and molecular mechanisms

Modem cancer therapy has been primarily dependent upon surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and hormonal therapy (72) (see Chemotherapeutics,anticancer Hormones Radiopharmaceuticals). Chemotherapeutic agents maybe able to retard the rate of growth, but are unable to eradicate the entire population of neoplastic cells without significant destmction of normal host tissue. This serious side effect limits general use. More recentiy, the immunotherapeutic approach to cancer has involved modification and exploitation of the cellular and molecular mechanisms in host defense, regulation of tissue proliferation, tissue differentiation, and tissue survival. The results have been more than encouraging. 

Yacubova E, Komuro H (2003) Cellular and molecular mechanisms of cerebellar granule ceU migration. Cell Biochem Biophys 37 213-234... 

Koob, G.F., and Bloom, FE. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of dmg dependence. Science 242 715-723, 1988. 

Steriade, M. (1999). Cellular substrates of oscillations in corticothalamic systems during states of vigilance. In Handbook of Behavioral State Control, Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms, ed. R. Lydic H. A. Baghdoyan, pp. 327-48. New York, NY CRC Press. 

Lyles, J. and Cadet, J.L., Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy) neurotoxicity cellular and molecular mechanisms, Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 42(2), 155-168, 2003. 

Koob GF and Bloom FE (1988). Cellular and molecular mechanisms of drug dependence. Science, 242, 715-723. 

Shiraga, T., Miyamoto, K., Tanaka, H., Yamamoto, H., Taketani, Y. et al, Cellular and molecular mechanisms of dietary regulation on rat intestinal H+/Peptide transporter PepTl, Gastroenterology 1999, 3 36, 354-362. 

Cellular and molecular mechanisms of dietary regulation on rat intestinal H+/Peptide transporter PepTl, Gastroenterology 1999, 116, 354-362. 

W. Zhao and R. Wang, H2S-induced vasorelaxation and underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 283, H474-H480 (2002). 

Cazarolli LH, Zanatta L, Alberton EH, Figueredo MS, Folador P, Damazio RG, Pizzolatti MG and Silva FR. 2008. Flavonoids cellular and molecular mechanisms of action in glucose homeostasis. Mini Rev Med Chem 8(10) 1032-1038. 

Alzheimer s disease, Parkinson s disease, Huntington s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are four prominent fatal neurodegenerative disorders that involve the death of specific populations of neurons (see details in respective chapters). Studies of patients and animal and culture models have provided considerable insight in the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for synaptic dysfunction and neuronal degeneration in each disorder [18], In Alzheimer s disease, abnormalities in proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein, due to gene... 

The epilepsies constitute a common, serious neurological disorder in humans, affecting approximately 60 million people worldwide. Well in excess of 40 distinct epileptic syndromes have been identified to date. Current treatment is only symptomatic except in uncommon instances when surgical treatment is possible. While available antiseizure medications target ion channels such as the y-amino-butyric acid (GABA)a receptor and voltage activated sodium (Na+) channels, current research seeks to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which a normal brain becomes epileptic. Hopefully, this research will lead to the identification of new targets for which small molecules can be identified and used for prevention or cure of epilepsy. 

Several comprehensive reviews of the immunotoxicity of TCDD have been published.13 Therefore, the goal of this chapter is to highlight the most recent developments in the field, with particular attention given to studies that provide new insight into the possible cellular and molecular mechanisms of PHAH immunotoxicity. New data that address three less-studied aspects of TCDD immunotoxicity will also be reviewed, including altered innate responses, toxicity to the developing immune system, and deregulation of anamnestic immune responses. 

Pestka, J. J. et al. Cellular and molecular mechanisms for immune modulation by deoxynivalenol and other trichothecenes Unraveling a paradox. Toxicol. Lett. 153, 61, 2004. 

There are still major gaps in fully understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms mediating effects on immunity and resistance to microbial infection. 

At least some of the cannabinoid-induced modulation of immune cells, and effects on host resistance to infection, are mediated directly by binding of cannabinoids to CBRs, particularly CBR2. Host immunity to microbes, however, involves many cell types, both immune and non-immune, as well as soluble factors including cytokines, chemokines, neurocytokines, and hormones related to the HP axis. It is therefore likely that a variety of cellular and molecular mechanisms whereby cannabinoids, including THC, affect immune function. 

Barrett JC, Huff J. 1991. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of chemically induced renal carcinogenesis. Renal Failure 13 211-225. 

Pfaff, D. W., Schwartz-Giblin, S, McCarthy, M. M., and Kow, L.-M. 1994. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of female reproductive behaviors. In The Physiology of Reproduction. Second Edition. Ed. E. Knobil and J. D. Neill. New York Raven Press, pp. 107 220. 

Maizels RM, Yazdanbakhsh M Regulation of the immune response by helminth parasites cellular and molecular mechanisms. Nat Rev Immunol 2003 3 733-743. 

Nestler, E.J. (1999) Cellular and molecular mechanisms of addiction. In Charney, D.S., Nestler, E.J., and Bunney, B.S., eds. Neurobiology of Mental Illness. New York Oxford University Press, pp. 61-72. 

In recent years, tremendous progress has been achieved in the elucidation of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of insulin action. Tire acute cellular action of insulin is initiated by rapid clustering of occupied receptors on the cell surface. Within three minutes, a redistribution of glucose transporters from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane can be measured lipolysis is also increased. 

Richburg JH, Johnson KJ, Schoenfeld HA et al. Defining the cellular and molecular mechanisms of toxicant action in the testis. Toxicol Lett 2002 135 167-183. 

Koob, George F., and Floyd E. Bloom. 1988. "Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Drug Dependence." Science 242 715-23. 

It is already clear from the forgoing discussion that the brain must be fully activated to process information efficiently. Brain activation may have quite different cellular and molecular mechanisms and a quite different regional distribution according to whether it is activated in waking... 

To accommodate the effects on the activated brain of pulling it off-line with respect to its external inputs and outputs, and to recognize the fact that this gating does not parallel the electrical activation of the brain in REM, I have assigned the second dimension of the three dimensional AIM model, the dimension I, to input-output gating. In the case of factor I, we have an elaborately detailed picture of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that are called into play during REM sleep. 

Part III lays the groundwork for understanding the brain as the physical basis of consciousness. It describes the regional, cellular, and molecular mechanisms that may contribute to alterations of conscious states. Chapter 6 begins to tease apart the major subdivisions of the brain-mind and to describe their interaction in normal conscious state alteration. In chapter 7, we meet the neuromodulatory chemical systems that appear to be causative of those alterations. 

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