Cell-wall polysaccharides composition

Vardi A, Formiggini F, Casotti R, De Martino A, Ribalet F, Miralto A, Bowler C (2006) A stress surveillance system based on calcium and nitric oxide in marine diatoms. PLoS Biol 4 411 119 Vorwerk S, Somerville S, Somerville C (2004) The role of plant cell wall polysaccharide composition in disease resistance. Trends Plant Sci 9 203-209 Vreeland V, Laetsch WM (1990) A gelling carbohydrate in algal cell wall formation. In Adair WS, Mecham RP (eds) Organization and assembly of plant and animal extracellular matrix. Academic, San Diego, CA, ppl 37—171... 

Genetic Manipulation of Cell-wall Polysaccharide Compositions... 

Reiter, W.-D. C., C. and Somerville, C. R., Mutants of arabidopsis thaliana with altered cell wall polysaccharide composition. Plant J 1997, 12 (2), 335-345. 

Within the scope of this review, the contributions of the last decade concerning cell-wall polysaccharides isolated from woody and other plant tissues will be reviewed according to the above-proposed classification of hemicelluloses including larch arabinogalactans. The present review article updates and extends previous reviews [3-5] and will focus in particular on new investigated plant sources, isolation methods, structural features, physicochemical and various functional properties of hemicelluloses. Attention will also be paid to the modification of isolated hemicelluloses or hemicellulosic materials and the appHcation possibiUties of hemicelluloses and their derivatives, including their use for the production of composite materials and other biomaterials. 

The yield and the composition of the fractions from soy bean meal obtmned with isolating WUS is shown in Table 1. The removal of cold water solubles, proteins and starch from soy meal was successful. The larger part of the material appeared in CWS, 59.1%. UFF contained mainly oligosaccharides and some water soluble proteins and UFR contained mainly water soluble proteins. The solution of SDSS and DTT extracted the residual proteins from the soy meal and the extract consisted for over 80% of proteins. Since the yield of the HWS fraction is only 0.4%, the composition is not discussed here. The remaining WUS contained 90% of NSP and the yield was 15.7%, which indicates that from the polysaccharides present in soy meal 92% was recovered in the WUS. By isolating WUS a fraction is obtained in which almost all cell wall polysaccharides are recovered and which contained only little other components. 

Firmnes is, at least in part, related to the composition and structure of cell wall, therefore, from the point of view of controlling the process it is important to know the changes that take place on cell wall polysaccharides through it. 

Knee, M., Bartley, I.M. (1981). Composition and metabolism of cell wall polysaccharides in ripening fruits. In Friend, J., Rhodes , M.J.C. (eds.). Recent advances in the biochemistry of fruits and vegetables. Academic Press, New York, 133-148. 

Figure 5. Sugar composition of cell wall polysaccharides from pulp...

The polysaccharide compositions of potato cell walls have been genetically manipulated for two main reasons first to attempt to understand the functions of the different cell-wall polysaccharides, and second to improve the value of potato pulp waste. The yield of pectin extracted from the pulp would be improved by decreasing the proportion of cellulose in the walls. The gelling quality of this pectin would also probably be improved by reducing the proportion of RG-1 side chains (Sorensen et al., 2000). 

Pectin, a structural, cell-wall polysaccharide of all higher plants, like most other polysaccharides, is both polymolecular and polydisperse, i.e., it is heterogeneous with respect to both chemical structure and molecular weight (jl). From molecule to molecule, in any sample of pectin, both the number and percentage of individual monomeric unit types will vary, and the average composition and distribution of molecular weights can vary with the source, the conditions used for isolation, and any subsequent treatments. Because both parameters determine physical properties, various functional types of pectin can be produced by controlling the source, isolation procedure, and subsequent treatment(s)... 

A liquid chromatographic system has been applied in a study of monomer composition in cell-wall polysaccharide hydrolyzates... 

In addition to determining the monosaccharide composition, linkage types, and sequence of residues in a cell wall polysaccharide, it is also essential to determine the anomeric configuration of the glycosyl residues. As with determining the sequence of glycosyl residues, the method of choice, be it chemical, enzymic, or physical, are dependent on the type of material under investigation and the amount available. 

Deposition of the matrix substances and formation of the microfibrils are accompanied by a sequence of related processes that lead to the development and differentiation of the cell wall this sequence includes expansion of the wall, changes in the composition of the polysaccharides, organization and orientation of the different layers, deposition of callose for formation of pores in phloem, lignification (see p. 299), and other processes. Considerable information has been obtained about the mechanism of some of these processes and the factors that affect them this information has been reviewed by leading molecular biologists, and will very briefly be mentioned here because of its relevance to cell-wall formation and to the constitution of cell-wall polysaccharides of interest to carbohydrate chemists. According to the new concepts, the transformations of the cell wall are effected, or are assisted, by the presence of a variety of enzymes, proteins, and, perhaps, even ribonucleic acid to the extent that primary... 

The comparison of the monosaccharide composition of extracellular polysaccharides and the corresponding cell wall polysaccharides for 3 marine diatoms shown in Table 7 reveals marked differences as indicated by the fucose/rhamnose ratio. Similar observations were made by Percival et al. [116]. Further, as shown by Myklestad et al. [24], the soluble cellular storage polysaccharide is a glucan and therefore completely different from the complex released polysaccharides. The glucan would also easily be detected and be an excellent indicator of leakage. It seems thus safe to conclude that extracellular polysaccharides apparently are unique molecules. 

The chemical composition of biomass materials is generally discussed in terms of cell wall polysaccharides (cellulose and hemicelluloses), phenolics (lignin and polyphenols), extractives, and ash content. Wood normally contains small amounts of ash (1 percent) and various quantities of extractives... 

On the basis of the n.m.r. spectra of the cell-wall D-mannans, and the base composition and sequence similarities of the deoxyribonucleic acids, no distinction could be made between strains of Candida utilis and Hansenula jadinii although differences could be detected between H. jadinii and H. petersonii The catabolic and anabolic transformation of D-glucose by a Candida species into cell wall D-glucan and D-mannan has been reported.Approximately 20-40% of the hexose of these cell wall polysaccharides has been derived from the resynthesis of hexoses via the pentose phosphate pathway. 

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