Cell membrane schematic

Fig. 3-4 Electron transport process schematic, showing coupled series of oxidation-reduction reactions that terminate with the reduction of molecular oxygen to water. The three molecules of ATP shown are generated by an enzyme called ATPase which is located in the cell membrane and forms ATP from a proton gradient created across the membrane.

Fig. 9.1 Schematic representation of possible mechanisms of resistance in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. 1, antibiotic-inactivating enzymes 2, antibiotic efflux proteins 3, alteration or duplication of intracellular targets 4, alteration of the cell membrane reducing antibiotic uptake 5, alterations in porins or lipopolysaccharide reducing antibiotic uptake or binding.

Figure 1 Schematic diagrams illustrating the patch-clamp technique. (A) Overall setup for isolating single ionic channels in an intact patch of cell membrane. P = patch pipet R = reference microelectrode I = intracellular microelectrode Vp = applied patch potential Em = membrane potential Vm = Em — Vp = potential across the patch A = patch-clamp amplifier. (From Ref. 90.) (B) Five different recording configurations, and procedures used to establish them, (i) Cell attached or intact patch (ii) open cell attached patch (iii) whole cell recording (iv) excised outside-out patch (v) excised inside-out patch. Key i = inside of the cell o = outside of the cell. (Adapted from Ref. 283.)...

We assembled a TIRFM with low magnification to study cell adhesion behavior on SAMs with various functional groups [42]. Figure lb shows a schematic illustration of the cell adhesion process and the corresponding TIRFM images. A suspension of cells with fluorescently labeled cell membranes is applied onto a substrate (Fig. lb-1). At first, no bright spots were observed by TIRFM,... 

Fig. 8. Allosteric sites in the mGluR 7TM. The chemical structures of the allosteric inhibitors MPEP, EM-TBPC, BAY36-7620, and CPCCOEt, and the allosteric potentiator Ro 67-7476 are given. The crucial residues or regions for the subtype selectivity of each of the compounds are stated and shown in a schematic illustration of the mGluRl 7TM viewed from the extracellular side of the cell membrane. The residues in mGluRl corresponding to those involved in MPEP binding to mGluR5 are also shown in the illustration.

Figure 1. Schematic outline of the typical dimensions of the various physically relevant layers at the organism/medium interphase cell membrane, cell wall layer, electric double layer, diffusive depletion layer...

Schematic diagram outlining the principle of the CytoTrap, Sos recruitment, yeast two-hybrid system. The figure shows the bait and fish fusion constructs. The bait vector encodes a Sos fusion protein. The fish vector encodes a myristylation sequence that targets the fusion protein to the cell membrane. Interaction between the fish and bait proteins targets the Sos fusion protein to the intracellular face of the cell membrane where it can interact with Ras and rescue cell growth at 37°C...

Figure 2.1 shows a schematic structure of the fuel cell membrane electrode assembly (MEA), including both anode and cathode sides. Each side includes a catalyst layer and a gas diffusion layer. Between the two sides is a proton exchange membrane (PEM) conducting protons from the anode to the cathode. 

If we focus on the mammalian cell, we have the plasma membrane, which encompasses the cell and separates what is inside from what is outside. We also find the membranes that isolate the nucleus, the mitochondria, the lysosomes, and other intracellular organelles from the cytoplasm. AU of these membranes have their own peculiarities and distinctions. However, it is not my purpose to make a catalog of known membrane types but to provide insights into the structural and functional features that are common to many membrane types. Since we need something specific to talk about, let s focus on the plasma membrane of mammalian cells. A schematic view of such a membrane is provided in figure 19.1. 

A synapse is formed where the axon terminal makes an interface with a patch of cell membrane on a dendrite or cell body of another neuron. A schematic drawing of a... 

Reflectance measurements provided an excellent means for building an ammonium ion sensor involving immobilization of a colorimetric acid-base indicator in the flow-cell depicted schematically in Fig. 3.38.C. The cell was furnished with a microporous PTFE membrane supported on the inner surface of the light window. The detection limit achieved was found to depend on the constant of the immobilized acid-base indicator used it was lO M for /7-Xylenol Blue (pAT, = 2.0). The response time was related to the ammonium ion concentration and ranged from 1 to 60 min. The sensor remained stable for over 6 months and was used to determine the analyte in real samples consisting of purified waste water, which was taken from a tank where the water was collected for release into the mimicipal waste water treatment plant. Since no significant interference fi-om acid compounds such as carbon dioxide or acetic acid was encountered, the sensor proved to be applicable to real samples after pH adjustment. The ammonium concentrations provided by the sensor were consistent with those obtained by ion chromatography, a spectrophotometric assay and an ammonia-selective electrode [269]. 

The taste cells are situated in the lingual epithelium with the apical membrane exposed to the mucosal surface of the oral cavity and the basal surface in contact with the nerve [interstitial fluid] [FIGURE 10]. Within the basolateral surface are the nerves which respond to the chemestiietic stimulants, i.e. direct nerve stimulation. The microvilli at the apical membrane contain receptor proteins which respond to sweeteners, some bitters and possibly coolants. The olfactory cells are bipolar neurons with dendritic ends containing cilia exposed to the surface and axons linked to the brain, where they synapse in the olfactory bulb. The transfer of information from this initial stimulus-receptor interaction to the brain processing centers involves chentical transduction steps in the membrane and within the receptor cells. The potential chemical interactions at the cell membrane and within the cell are schematically outlined in FIGURE 10. 

Signal transduction by nuclear receptors is shown schematically in fig. 4.4. The natural hgands of nuclear receptors are lipophilic hormones that can enter the cell in a passive manner. A transmittance of the signal at the cell membrane, is not necessary, as is the case in the signaling via transmembrane receptors. Once inside the cell the hormone... 

Figure 3.18 Schematic representation of a trilaminar cell membrane which is derived from the apical membrane of the mammary cell and forms the outer layer of the milk fat globule membrane following expression from the mammary cell, but which is more or less extensively lost on ageing. 1, phospholipid/glycolipid 2, protein 3, glycoprotein.

Additional compression eventually leads to the collapse of the film. The pressure nc at which this occurs is somewhere in the vicinity of the equilibrium spreading pressure. Figure 7.7 represents schematically how this film collapse may occur. The mode of film buckling shown in Figure 7.7 is not the only possibility head-to-head as well as tail-to-tail configurations can be imagined. The second structure strongly resembles that of cell membranes, which we discuss in the next chapter. 

Schematic representation of the facilitated transport of glucose through a cell membrane.

Left and center Two gramicidin A molecules associate to span a cell membrane. Right Axial view showing ion channel. [Structure from B. Roux, "Computational Studies of the Gramicidin Channel." Acc. Chem. Res. 2002,35,366. based on solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance. Schematic at left from L. Stryer. Biochemistry,... 

Figure 31-1 (A) Locations of the primary and secondary tissues of the immune system. The primary lymphoid organs are the thymus, which makes T cells, and the hone marrow, which forms B cells. After moving from these organs into the blood circulation the cells reach one of the secondary lymphoid organs, which include lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and Peyer s patches on the small intestine. Immature dendritic cells are found in body tissues including skin and mucous membranes and respond to foreign proteins by inducing attack by T lyphocytes and antibody formation by B cells. (B) Schematic drawing of a lymph node. From Nossal.1 Courtesy of Gustav J. V. Nossal.

Cytochrome oxidase also serves as a proton pump, so that the process of electron transfer is associated with the vectorial transfer of protons across the membrane, and thus contributes to the establishment of the proton gradient which is used to drive the synthesis of ATP. Cytochrome oxidase is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane of animal, plant and yeast cells (the eukaryotes) and in the cell membrane of prokaryotes. The arrangement is represented schematically in Figure 58. The complexity of cytochrome oxidase and the problems associated with its solubilization from the membrane have presented great obstacles to the elucidation of the structure and mechanism of the enzyme, but its importance has resulted in an enormous literature, which has been reviewed frequently.1296 1299... 

Based on our observations, we generalize the fuel cell membrane degradation and failure mechanisms as the schematics in Fig. 23. So far, the evidence has shown that defects formation and growth play an important role both in chemical and in mechanical degradation processes. Drawing an analogy with material corrosion behavior,... 

Fig. 3. Schematic illustrations of distinct steps in cell division show the central role of contractile motor action in the process of mitosis. (A) to (C) replication (prophase) (D) formation of the mitotic spindle (metaphase) (E) and (F) chromosome migration (anaphase) and building of the nuclear envelopes, and (G) formation of the contractile ring containing actin and myosin, forming the cleavage furrow and eventually two separate daughter cells. CE, centriole pair A, aster of microtubules N, nucleus M, microtubules C, chromosomes K, kinetochore NR, remnant of nuclear envelope NE, nucelar envelope reforming CR, contractile ring CM, cell membrane]. From Squire (1986).

FIG U RE 65.2 Schematic model of the GABAa receptor. The receptor spans the cell membrane. GABA binds to the outside of the receptor, causing an influx of Cl ions through the channel. Benzodiazepines and barbiturates interact with different recognition sites on the receptor and increase the effectiveness of GABA. 

Figure 4.28 Schematic representation of a biological cell membrane. A bimolecular layer of phospholipid with hydrocarbon chains orientated to the interior and hydrophilic groups on the outside is penetrated by protein (shaded areas). Protein is also found adsorbed at the membrane surface...

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