Rise phase

The rise phase is the portion of the drum filter cycle between where the formed cake moves out of the suspension trough and the start of the next 

During the rise phase there are two potential scenarios which represent the extremes of operation. In the simplest case the cake is assumed to remain saturated and the values shown in the bottom row of Table 7.7 are valid throughout the whole phase with the exception of the displacement around the filter which ultimately becomes (p = 198°. In practice this assumption is not unreasonable given that some wash liquor is likely to run down the rise side of the drum and (at least partially) cover the cake surface rather than permeate the cake. 

Alternatively the cake can be assumed to undergo deliquoring at the applied 70 kPa vacuum with the result that while cake height, resistance and solids concentration remain constant, the saturation and moisture content of the cake are progressively reduced over the interval q = 122 198°. For this scenario to occur no wash liquor must run down the rise side of the drum and all the wash liquor applied in the next phase permeates the cake. Following the procedure outlined in Section 7.2.3 and detailed in Section 7.3.1, the breakthrough vacuum and cake permeability are respectively given by equations (7.64) and (7.65) such that 

As the irreducible cake saturation has not been measured it is necessary to calculate a value (with caution) using equation (7.65), 

The data sequences in Table 7.8 are calculated to give values at a range of points during the rise phase  

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In cases A-D. the time scale of the rising phase, A2 1, is much shorter than that for the progress of the reaction. That is, A2 A3. For E and F, where the approximations are less precise, A2 > A3 but not by a wide margin. 

Although in in vivo circumstances an intracellular free calcium increase apparently acts as the primary modulator of contraction, it can be bypassed in highly permeabilized smooth muscle preparations where the active subunit of MLCK can be introduced to phosphorylate myosin and induce contraction. The MLCK catalyzed phosphorylation of serine-19 is seen as the necessary event in the activation of smooth muscle myosin to form crossbridges. Thus, the rising phase of force during an isometric smooth muscle contraction follows an increase in the degree of phosphorylation of myosin, and that in turn follows the transient rise of (a) cytosolic free Ca, (b) Ca-calmodulin complexes, and (c) the active form of MLCK. The regulation of the intracellular calcium is discussed below. The dynam-... 

The induction of PAL activity at the onset of vascular differentiation can be shown by the use of plant tissue cultures (37-39). Xylem cells with secondary and lignified walls are differentiated over a time course of 3-14 days by the application of the plant growth factors naphthylene acetic acid (NAA) and kinetin in the ratio 5 1 (1.0 mg/liter NAA, 0.2 mg/liter kinetin) to tissue cultures of bean cells (Phaseolus vulgaris) (37,40). The time for differentiation varies with the type of culture, solid or suspension, and with the frequency and duration of subculture, but for any one culture it is relatively constant (37,41,42). At the time of differentiation when the xylem vessels form, the activity of PAL rises to a maximum. The rising phase of the enzyme activity was inhibited by actinomycin D and by D-2,4-(4-methyl-2,6-dinitroanilino)-N-methylpropionamide (MDMP) applied under carefully controlled conditions (42). This indicated that both transcription and translation were necessary for the response to the hormones. Experiments using an antibody for PAL and a cDNA probe for the PAL-mRNA have also shown that there is an increase in the amount of transcript for PAL during the formation of lignin when Zinnia mesophyll cells are induced to form xylem elements in culture (Lin and Northcote, unpublished work). 

Certain cardiac cells are able to initiate and maintain a spontaneous automatic rhythm. Even in the absence of any neural or hormonal input, these cells will automatically generate an action potential. They are usually referred to as pacemaker cells in the myocardium. Pacemaker cells have the ability to depolarize spontaneously because of a rising phase 4 in the cardiac action potential (see Fig. 23-1). As described previously, the resting cell automatically begins to depolarize during phase 4 until the cell reaches threshold and an action potential is initiated. 

Fig. 19. Tension, intensity, and spacing time courses from the rising phase of tetanic contractions in bony fish muscle (from Mok et al., 2005). All changes have been normalized to be 0% in resting muscle and 100% at the tetanus plateau for all changes that are increases, and vice versa for all changes that are decreases. (A) Shows the changes of the tension (T), the Al and A2 actin layer lines, and the All (11) equatorial reflection. (B) Shows the M3 spacing and intensity relative to tension (T). (C) Shows the changes of the myosin layer line ML3 and of ML1 at the All and A20 positions. For details, see text.

Figure 7.4 A typical action potential, (a) Rising phase Na+ ions are flowing into the axon from outside (b) Falling phase Na+ permeability has now dropped but permeability to K+ has increased and K+ ions are moving out of the axon (c) Positive phase this is due to maintained high K+ permeability (d) Negative after-potential local high K+ outside the axon gives net K+ influx, which delays equilibration. (Adapted from Corbett, J.R., Wright, K., and Baillie, A.C., The Biochemical Mode of Action of Pesticides, 2nd ed., Academic Press, New York, 1984. With permission.)...

Figure 10.3. Behavior of Na" channels and resulting changes in membrane potential during tire rising phase of tire action potential.

Fig. 12.1. Manipulation of molecular motors and step movement of myosin 11. (a) Manipulation of a single-myosin molecule with a microneedle. A myosin molecule captured at a tip of the microneedle is allowed to interact with an actin filament placed on a glass surface, (b) Manipulation of an actin filament by a laser trap. Two beads attached at both ends of an actin filament are trapped by a laser. The actin filament is manipulated to interact with myosin molecules on the filament placed on a glass surface, (c) Nonprocessive movement of myosin 11. (Top) The displacement of the microneedle attached to single myosin 11 head (SI) was measured as a function of time and the binding of myosin to actin was measured by stiffness calculated from the displacement record (bottom), (d) Expansion of the rising phase of the displacement record above...

As science is the product of rational brain activity, a scientific work, an analysis of a piece of reality, has essentially the same message for all who are blessed with the necessary prerequisite knowledge. In contrast to science, it is not the objective of fine art, literature, or music to describe or analyze objectively existing reality. On the contrary, real art deals with a nonexistent world that is indefinable in any material sense, with a universe created in the human cortex. The message of an artwork is therefore ambiguous, its effect is in essence emotionally based. Everyone enters in his own special way into the spirit of an artwork. This is also true for the Holy Scriptures, art products of the human brain that played the most important role in the spiritual organization of life in the rising phase of human society and served the maintenance and development of that society. 

The Jewish problem , its terrible outgrowths in the 20th century, and the new rising phase of anti-Semitism in Europe 60 years after the Holocaust are all horrifying, yet I consider them as natural symptoms, concomitant signs, typical outward manifestations of a myths-directed society. Unfortunately, anti-Semitism is just one of the historically developed irrational hatreds with which the still imbalanced present world of the Homo sapiens sapiens is imbued. 

Horn It is clear that there is a rising phase in Shaker mouse K channels. There, the rising phase is much slower, and you can do the recordings in patches that have much higher frequency resolution than you can get from squid axon or cut open oocytes. There is no question that there is a slow rising phase. 

Keynes RD, Elinder F 1998a On the slowly rising phase of the sodium gating current in the squid axon. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 265 255—262... 

Stimers JR, Bezanilla F, Taylor RE 1987 Sodium channel gating currents. Origin of the rising phase. J Gen Physiol 89 5621-5640... 

Strichart- Those are the densitites of peak currents in response to voltage pulses, as opposed to currents that are activated and contribute to the regenerative current that is important in the rising phase of the action potential. The relative contributions can depend a lot on the slope and the actual rate of the rise. In this regard, the role of K channels becomes increasingly critical you can have a shunting outward current or leak conductance that are almost equivalent. 

Spruston The current clamp recordings from the SNS / mice imply that SNS contributes a dramatic amount of current during the rising phase of the action potential, because the amplitude is reduced dramatically. Is that a consistent observation Also, the after-hyperpolarization is much more negative in the SNS mice, implying that there is an actual contribution by SNS during the repolarizing phase of the action potential. 

Waxman We know from immunocytochemistry that type 3 channels are shipped to the injured axon-al tips (Black et al 1999). Whether they are inserted into the membrane and can function there is not clear. But you are right in addition to thinking about the rising phase of the spike, we have to think about how the cell gets there and the entire transductive machinery. This is especially the case in cells that are endowed with channels whose activation curves are shifted so far to the left, one wonders about subthreshold roles of at least some of these channels. 

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