Ceiling and roofing

Cigarette smoke Pipe lagging Air duct linings Ceiling and roof tiles Asbestos cement sheeting Synthetic fibres Plastics... 

To protect the control room area from incidents occurring in the support areas, the control room area should be separated from the support areas by minimum 1-hour fire-rated partition walls. All penetrations of the walls, floors, ceilings, and roof for cables, etc. should be closed with an approved sealant having a fire resistance rating of at least one-hour. Approved y4-hour rated (Class B) fire doors equipped with self-closing devices should be installed on all openings between the control room and other portions of the building. 

Building area fire separations primarily consist of fire resistive rated walls and in some cases floors, ceilings and roofs. In a single story chemical warehouse, the prevalent component used as a fire separation is a wall with a fire resistance rating and suitably protected openings. Although fire separations are categorized or classified differently by a variety of entities, there are two basic types of fire separations fire walls and fire-rated barriers/partitions. 

Cathedral Ceiling/Roof - A type of ceiling and roof assembly that has no attic. 

Asbestos - asbestos is present in older buildings and was used in hot water systems, ceilings and roof construction. When undisturbed the risks associated with it are minimal however, in a fire situation is it likely to be disturbed and released into the atmosphere. 

Wood in its untreated form has good resistance or endurance to fire penetration when used in thick sections for walls, doors, floors, ceilings, beams, and roofs. This endurance is due to low thermal conductivity, which reduces the rate at which heat is transmitted to the interior. Typically, when the fire temperature at the surface of softwood is 870—980°C, the inner char 2one temperature is - 290° C, and 6 mm further inward, the temperature is 180°C or less. The penetration rate of this char line is mm/min, depending on the species, moisture content, and density (45,46). Owing to this slow... 

External walls of building enclosing heated spaces, internal walls exposed to unheated ventilated spaces, floors where the under-surface is exposed to outside air or an unheated ventilated space, and roofs over heated spaces (including the cases of ceilings with an unheated ventilated space above them). 

In addition to ductwork and HVAC air intakes, penetrations in walls, floors, ceilings, or roofs may also allow gas or vapor to be drawn from hazard-... 

Fire-related barriers or partitions are those walls that are supported in some manner by the building s structural frame, floor, ceiling, or roof. These walls rely upon the integrity of the supporting construction to remain in place and to withstand a given fire duration. Refer to Section 7.3.1.1. 

Factory Mutual Room Burn Out Test. This method involves the use of a special test room. The particular one referred to is located at Factory Mutual Laboratories, Norwood, Mass. It is 14 x 20 feet in area and 12 feet high, constructed of spruce studs and roof joists, with a floor of Douglas fir sheathing on spruce runners laid on a concrete floor underneath. The interior surfaces of walls and ceiling are covered with 1/4 inch soft asbestos board. Thermocouples are located so as to record temperatures in the corners and center of the room at both the ceiling and breathing levels. 

Figure 4 shows a comparison of the surfaces of constant 3% concentration for both helium and hydrogen. Both gases rise from the floor, travel across the ceiling, and leave through the roof vent. The gas leaving the roof vent causes a drop in pressure, which draws air in the lower door vent. The general circulation in the hallway can be seen in Figure 1. All of the gases inside and above the surface of constant 3% concentration contain more than 3% helium or hydrogen. Those below the surface contain less than 3% concentration.

After the proper inside and summer outside temperature conditions for comfort and temperature conditions for process air conditioning have been selected, the next step is to calculate the space cooling load, which is made up of sensible heat and latent heat loads. The sensible heat load consists of (1) transmission through walls, roofs, floors, ceilings, and window glass, (2) solar and sky radiation, (3) heat gains from infiltration of outside air, (4) heat gains from people. 

Radiation heat transfer between the ceiling and the roof can be minimized by covering at least one side of the attic (the roof or the ceiling side) by a reflective material, called radiant barrier, such as aluminum foil or aluminum-coated paper. Tests on houses with R-3.3 attic floor insulation have shown that radiant baniers can reduce summer ceiling heat gains by 16 to 42 percent compared to an attic with the same insulation level and no... 

Polyurethane rigid foam is an excellent insulation material, particularly well suited for applications requiring high mechanical properties. In the form of laminated boards, they are applied on roofs, ventilated facades, ventilated double walls, masonry construction, single-wall masonry interior walls, floors and ceilings and for floor heating systems. 

Other uses are in armored vehicles, armored vests, and helmets in jewelry, eyeglasses, bicycles, golf clubs, and other sports equipment in specialized dental implants in power-generating plants and other types of factories and in roofs, faces, columns, walls, ceilings, and other parts of buildings. 

AX-108 An Update Report on Findings of Fire Study of Rigid Cellular Plastics Materials for Wall and Roof Ceiling Insulation (U-102R). 

Unducted spaces, typically the cavity between the suspended ceiling and the floor or roof above, in which air from multiple areas in the building mixes before returning to the air-handling unit or being evacuated to the outside. 

Combustible materials of one form or another can be found in roof assemblies, exterior wall assemblies or insulation, insulated wall or ceiling assemblies for use in controlled temperature situations (i.e., coolers, freezers, etc.), interior partitions, ceiling assemblies, and interior finish materials for floors, walls, ceilings, and trim (i.e., carpeting, wallpaper, paneling, etc.). 

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