CCD imagers

Figure 12.4. (A). Schematic drawing of the corona radical shower system 1 - high voltage electrode (pipe with nozzles), 2 - nozzles, 3 - planar ground electrodes (B) Photograph of the discharge in a corona radical shower system with 10 nozzles [56] (C) CCD images of streamers in a corona radical shower system [57] (CCD exposure time 400 ns).

D, S, and A) has to be checked meticulously by the experimenter, using for example, color overlay images (Fig. 7.5A). Pixel-shift deviations are common on CCD imaging setups where they are... 

Even in the nominal absence of laser fluctuations or other imagedegrading aberrations, the number of photons that hit the detector during the data collection period of the image (i.e., the exposure time for a CCD image or the pixel dwell time for a confocal image) will contain considerable noise. The photon count x follows a Poisson distribution (Fig. 7.7A) with mean value fi as... 

The corrections and calibration of filterFRET differ significantly for CCD microscopes and confocal microscopes. This is because in confocal experiments, channel sensitivities are adjusted at will by the experimenter, and because relative excitation intensities show intended-as well as unintended variations (adjustments and drift, respectively). Confocal filterFRET therefore requires frequent, if not in-line, recalibration however, if properly streamlined this should not take more than 15 min a day. It also slightly complicates the mathematical framework, as compared to CCD imaging filterFRET. We aimed to arrive at a comprehensive theory that is equally applicable to both imaging modes. We also proposed mathematical jargon that is a compromise between the widely differing terminologies used in the various publications on this topic. 

The factor g may account for integration time and electron multiplication in CCD imaging, or for the PMT gain in confocal imaging. 

This is straightforward in case the A and S filters are identical (i.e., F =f and F% = Fd). With confocal FRET this is commonly the ease with CCD imaging, it requires matching the filters. Without this assumption, an analogous result can be obtained, although derivation is significantly more complicated. 

Fig. 3.30. X-ray spectrum of the supernova remnant N49 in the LMC, aged between 5000 and 10 000 yr, taken with the Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer on board the Chandra X-ray Observatory, showing H-like and He-like K-shell lines of abundant light elements and some L-shell lines of iron, after Park et al. (2003).

Figure 6.13 Screening results from 16 TEOS-APTES-C8-TMOS-HAPTS-based formulations F1-F16. (A) Formulation numbering scheme. (B) False colour CCD image from an array of PIXIES formulations in buffer (lex —488 nm, lem > 500 nm). (C) Same as (B) when challenged with 50 pM ovalbumin. (D) FanSLiyte/F0 from (B) and (C). Formulation no. 12 appears to be the most analytically useful. (Reproduced from ref. 15, with permission.)...

Figure 4.2 Schematic diagram of a charge-coupled device (CCD) imaging sensor. It consists of a semiconducting substrate (silicon), topped by a conducting material (doped polysilicon), separated by an insulating layer of silicon dioxide. By applying charge to the polysilicon electrodes, a localized potential well is formed, which traps the charge created by the incident light as it enters the silicon substrate.

Schematic diagram of a charge-coupled device (CCD) imaging sensor 76... 

Figure 6. Selected areas Hke lines (a) or areas around spots(b) defined interactively by the user in the CCD image of the ED pattern before scanning in a Si crystal.(c) example of GUI for scanning step selection. Beam is blanked during scanning data selection.

FIGURE 3.4 Performance of the fluorescence up-conversion microscope, (a) Evaluation of the time-resolution with the 100 x objective lens , up-converted fluorescence -F-, the first derivative. By the fitting analysis, the time-resolution of the microscope was evaluated as 520 fs. (b) Evaluation of the transverse (XY) spatial resolution with the 100 x objective lens. A CCD image of the excitation pulses (inset) and the beam profile along the lateral (X) direction. By the fitting analysis, the transverse resolution was evaluated as 0.34 pm. (c d) Evaluation of the axial (Z) spatial resolution with the 100 x objective lens , up-converted fluorescence -I-, the first derivative. By fitting analysis on the first derivative coefficient, the axial resolution was evaluated as 1.1 pm with the 50 pm pinhole (c) and 5.3 pm without pinhole (d). (Rhodamine B, 2 x 10" mol dm in methanol, 600 nm.) (Erom Eujino, T. and Tahara, T., Appl Phys. B 79 145-151, 2004. Used with permission.)... 

In the first example, we describe time-resolved fluorescence measurements of a fluorescent bead (Fujino and Tahara 2004). Figure 3.6a shows the CCD image of a commercial fluorescent bead that has a diameter of -4.85 pm (Mag Sphere). This bead was laser trapped near the focus point by the excitation pulse. In fact, when the irradiation... 

FIGURE 3.6 The CCD image of a fluorescent bead under (a) laser trapping, and (b) without laser trapping, (c) The femtosecond time-resolved fluorescence at 520 nm observed with lOOx objective lens. (Form, Fujino, T. and Tahara, T.,Appl. Phys. B 79 145-151, 2004.)... 

Figure 14.7 CCD image of acetaminophen powder. Images were created with 5-pixel hardware binning, (a) Raw image, (b) after applying pixel shift method, (c) zoom-in of the box in (b), (d) after applying curvature mapping method, and (e) zoom-in of the box in (d).

Pseudocolor images associated with photon emission are generated by the CCD image processor and transferred via video cable to a PCI frame grabber using the camera software (or equivalent). 

Figure 12.1 A schematic representation of a SAXS experiment. The X-ray beam is incident from the left and scatters from die sample. A detector, located to the right of the sample, records the angular variation of intensity of scattered X-rays. The shape of this scattering profile contains information about die global structural features of the molecules in the sample. More details about the beamline components, as well as the process for converting CCD images into one dimensional curves of intensity versus angle, can be found elsewhere in this volume (Chapter 19).

FIGURE 3.4 CCD images of 100 pM rhodamine B in water obtained at the intersection of a side-arm channel with a main channel on a microchip, applying a positive potential at the top channel relative to the side arm and using (a) all native glass surfaces, and (b) a native glass main channel and a linear polyacrylamide surface coated side-arm channel [816]. Reprinted with permission from the American Chemical Society. 

FIGURE 4.15 Schematic diagram of flow pattern for a gated injector. CCD images of the gated injection using rhodamine B (b) prior to injection, (c) during injection, and (d) after injection into separation column with E = 200 V/cm [317]. Reprinted with permission from the American Chemical Society. 

FIGURE 5.8 Schematic of the injection tee and porous membrane structure is shown in (a). Porous membrane region width is 7 pm. CCD images of analyte concentrated for (b) 2 min, and (c) 3 min. Injection of concentrated analyte plug is depicted in (d). All channels are filled with 3% LPA in lx TBE buffer. DNA sample 25 pg/mL ( )X 114-IIaelll digest with 6.0 pM TO-PRO dye added [590]. Reprinted with permission from the American Chemical Society. 

FIGURE 6.19 Fluorescence CCD images of tITP-ZE separation during injection (b) and after IIP concentration (c). (a) shows the general microfluidic channel configuration. Panels (b) and (c) show results obtained with a 250-pm injector. Conditions Sample was 1 mM fluorescein. Leading electrolyte 25 mM Tris+, 25 mM Cl. Trailing electrolyte 25 mM Tris+, 25 mM TAPS. Injection field 300 V/cm, current 18 pA. Separation field 200 V/cm, current 10 tl.A [634]. Reprinted with permission from the American Chemical Society. 

A CCD imager in which a native oxide layer is combined with ZnS insulation layers is disclosed in US-A-4231149. 

The two detectors on Chandra complement each other. The High Resolution Camera (HRC) provides a large field ov view, high time resolution, but little energy resolution. The Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS) provides very modest time resolution, good spectral resolution, and modest field of view. 

The Chandra Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS) is an array of charged coupled devices (CCD s). This instrument is especially useful because it can simultaneously make X-ray images, and at the same time, accurately measure the energy of each incoming X-ray. It is the instrument of choice for studying temperature and abundance variations across extended X-ray sources. 

Fig. 12.1. a Schematic diagram of the experimental setup (1) the off-axis //3 parabolic mirror, (2) the laser beam, (3) the specially designed pulsed conical nozzle, (4) the cluster gas jet, (5) the focusing spectrometer with the spherically bent mica crystal, (6) the vacuum-compatible X-ray CCD camera, (7) the ion detector for TOF measurements, b Typical X-ray CCD image measured at an intensity of... 

Fig. 12.10. a Typical CCD image of diffracted X-rays measured at a peak intensity of 6xl018 W/cm2 with a pulse duration of 30fs, and b the rocking curve obtained from the CCD image... 

Table III is a summary presentation of the CCD image sensor products of various companies in Japan, while Figure 8 shows the change in numbers of elements for photo-electric transducers. In the background of this change there was a great improvement in the clarity of pictures in home video systems (the photo-sensor for surface recognition of course was not developed exclusively for these measurements but was adapted from the general type).

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