Caudate nucleus disorders

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is considered the second most common cause of dementia after AD. The disorder is characterized by progressive fluctuating cognitive impairment, visual hallucinations and motor features of Parkinsonism. Neocoitical cholinergic activity is more severely depleted in DLB than in AD, and DLB also affects the caudate nucleus, the thalamus and the brain stem. Tolerability of ChEI in DLB appears similar to AD, with some gastrointestinal effects and muscle cramps. 

Fuxe K, Andersson K, Nilsen OG, et al Toluene and telencephalic dopamine selective reduction of amine mrnover in discrete DA nerve terminal systems of the anterior caudate nucleus by low concentrations of toluene. Toxicol Lett 12 115—123,1982 Cause EM, Mendez V, Geller I Exploratory smdies of a rodent model for inhalant abuse. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol 7 143—148, 1985 Gentry JR, Hill C, Malcolm R New anticonvulsants a review of applications for the management of substance abuse disorders. Ann Clin Psychiatry 14 233—245, 2002 Gerasimov MR, Ferrieri RA, Schiffer WK, et al Smdy of brain uptake and biodistribution of [llCjtoluene in non-human primates and mice. Life Sci 70 2811 — 2828, 2002... 

As noted earlier, several neurological disorders that involve the basal ganglia (e.g., caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, putamen) also manifest OCD symptoms ( 188). They include such varied conditions as... 

Aquizerate, B., Cuny, E., Martin-Guehl, C., Guehl, D., Amieva, H., Benazzouz, A., et al. (2004). Deep brain stimulation of the ventral caudate nucleus in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder and major depression. Journal of Neurosurgery, 101, 682-686. 

The 1-carboxy-TlQs 91-94 shown in Fig. 24 have been detected only by GC-MS methods it is not known whether they occur naturally as racemic mixtures or in the form of enantiomers. Salsolinol-1-carboxylic acid (91) was detected in human urine (205) and in the caudate nucleus (206). Dideoxynorlaudanosoline-1-carboxylic acid (92) was found in small amounts in rat brain, but is present in enhanced amounts in phenylketo-nuric patients (207). It is believed that TIQ 92 may be responsible for the neurological disorders which develop during the disease. Carboxylic acids 93 and 94 were detected in the urine of parkinsonian patients undergoing L-dopa therapy, and the methyl ether 94 was the mqjor metabolite (174). 

Nigrostriatal Substantia nigra (A9 area) Caudate nucleus Putamen Extrapyramidal system, movement Movement disorders... 

Ong D, Walterfeng M, Malhi GS, St)mer M, Velakoulis D, Pantehs C. Size and shape of the caudate nucleus in individuals with bipolar affective disorder. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2012 46(4) 340-51. 

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