Cation names table

Calculation of the second-order rate constant of carbonylation, kg, and the equilibrium constant, K = [t-C4H9CO+]/[t-C4H ][CO] = A c/fcD> requires knowledge of the concentration of CO. The constant a in Henry s law Pco = [CO] was determined to be 5-3 litre mole atm in HF—SbFs (equimolar) and 53 litre mole atm in FHSOs—SbFs (equimolar) at 20°C. From the ratio [t-C4HBCO+]/[t-C4HJ"] at a known CO pressure, values for k and K were obtained. The data are listed in Table 1, which includes the values for the rate and equilibrium constants of two other tertiary alkyl cations, namely the t-pentyl and the t-adamantyl ions (Hogeveen et al., 1970). 

Plan The key to naming a binary ionic compound is to recognize which element is the metal and which is the nonmetal. When in doubt, check the periodic table. We place the cation name first, add the suffix -ide to the nonmetal root, and place the anion name last. Solution (a) Magnesium is the metal nitr- is the nonmetal root magnesium nitride... 

Table 6-1 shows the family, element, ion name, and ion symbol for some common monoatomic (one atom) cations, and Table 6-2 gives the same information for some common monoatomic anions. 

A Russian team [40] described the use of a few new surfmers, one being cationic, namely, A-decylaceto-2-methyl-5 vinylpyridinium bromide, and the others being anionic, namely, decyl (or dodecyl), sodium ethylsulfonate, methacrylamides (III in Table 3), decyl (or dodecyl)-phenyl (Na or K sulfonate) acrylate (IV in Table 3), and decyl ester of sodium (or K or NH4 ) sulfocinnamic acid (V in Table 3). These surfmers were used for emulsion polymerization of styrene, butylacrylate, or chloroprene in the presence of KPS or AIBN without any other surfactants. It should be noted that consumption of these surfactants takes place early in the polymerization process, which is faster than in the case where SDS is used as surfactant. No emulsifier is left in the water phase, and the latexes are highly stable with regard to electrolyte, temperature, and redispersion. 

Table 5.1 Common Simple Cations and Anions Cation Name Anion Name ...

Cationic Hydroxyethylcelluloses. These materials are manufactured by Union Carbide Corp. and National Starch and Chemical Corp., marketed under the trade names Polymer JR and Celquat, respectively (47,48). The cationic substituent on Polymer JR is presumably 2-hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride (72). Celquat is presumably the reaction product of HEC with /V,/V-dia11y1-/V,/V-dimethy1ammonium chloride (73). Their primary appHcation is in shampoos and hair conditioners wherein the cationic moiety imparts substantivity to hair. Some typical properties of Celquat resins are given in Table 7. 

Table 55 presents the results discussed above. Fluoride melts containing tantalum contain two types of complex ions, namely TaF6 and TaF72 . The equilibrium between the complexes depends on the concentration of fluoride ions in the system, but mostly upon the nature of the outer-sphere cations. The complex ionic structure of the melts can be adjusted by adding cations with a certain polarization potential. For instance, the presence of low polarization potential cations, such as cesium, leads primarily to the formation of TaF72 complexes, while the addition of cations with relatively high polarization potentials, such as lithium or sodium, shifts the equilibrium towards the formation of TaF6 ions. 

The volumes of activation for some additions of anionic nucleophiles to arenediazonium ions were determined by Isaacs et al. (1987) and are listed in Table 6-1. All but one are negative, although one expects — and knows from various other reactions between cations and anions — that ion combination reactions should have positive volumes of activation by reason of solvent relaxation as charges become neutralized. The authors present various interpretations, one of which seems to be plausible, namely that a C — N—N bond-bending deformation of the diazonium ion occurs before the transition state of the addition is reached (Scheme 6-2). This bondbending is expected to bring about a decrease in resonance interaction in the arenediazonium ion and hence a charge concentration on Np and an increase in solvation. 

Step 1 Identify the cation and the anion (see Table D.l or Appendix 3A, if necessary). To determine the oxidation number of the cation, decide what cation charge is required to cancel the total negative charge of the anions. Step 2 Name the cation. If the metal can have more than one oxidation number (most transition metals and some metals in Groups 12 through 15/V), give its charge as a Roman numeral. 

According to our nomenclature, as used in the table, Vm is a vacancy at an M cation site, etc. The first five pairs of defects given above have been observed experimentally in solids, whereas the last four have not. This answers the question posed above, namely that defects in solids occur in pairs. 

Fill in the table with the formula of the compound whose cation is named at the left and whose anion is named at the column head. 

Zinc is a bluish-white metal which dissolves readily in strong acids. In nature it occurs as a sulfide, oxide, or carbonate. In solution, it is divalent and can form hydrated Zn2+ cations in acids, and zincated anions — probably Zn(OH)42 — in strong bases (USEPA 1980, 1987). Zinc dust and powder are sold commercially under a variety of trade names Asarco, Blue powder, Cl 77949, Cl pigment metal 6, Emanay zinc dust, granular zinc, JASAD Merrillite, LI 5, and PASCO (USPHS 1989). Selected physical and chemical properties of zinc, zinc chloride, and zinc sulfate are listed in Table 9.2. 

Most studies of micellar systems have been carried out on synthetic surfactants where the polar or ionic head group may be cationic, e.g. an ammonium or pyridinium ion, anionic, e.g. a carboxylate, sulfate or sulfonate ion, non-ionic, e.g. hydroxy-compound, or zwitterionic, e.g. an amine oxide or a carboxylate or sulfonate betaine. Surfactants are often given trivial or trade names, and abbreviations based on either trivial or systematic names are freely used (Fendler and Fendler, 1975). Many commercial surfactants are mixtures so that purity can be a major problem. In addition, some surfactants, e.g. monoalkyl sulfates, decompose slowly in aqueous solution. Some examples of surfactants are given in Table 1, together with values of the critical micelle concentration, cmc. This is the surfactant concentration at the onset of micellization (Mukerjee and Mysels, 1970) and can therefore be taken to be the maximum concentration of monomeric surfactant in a solution (Menger and Portnoy, 1967). Its value is related to the change of free energy on micellization (Fendler and Fendler, 1975 Lindman and Wennerstrom, 1980). 

The transition metals, such as iron and copper on our list, require additional consideration. Most transition metals, and the elements located around lead, Pb, on the periodic table, can form cations of different charges. For this reason, we need additional information from the name of the compound containing these metals. 

These suffixes are cumulative, meaning that more than one can be present in a name, for instance to represent radical ions. Radicals come before anions, which in turn come before cations, in the order of seniority for citation as suffixes (cf. Table 4.12). 

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