Cation molar fractions

The denotes molar, rather than weight fraction, partition coefficient. The X terms denote the cation molar fractions of Ca, Al and Mg, while the X terms denote the molar fraction of diopside and enstatite components in clinopyroxene. Note that this expression contains no explicit P-f dependence. 

Selective solvation of the cations and anions takes place if the molar fraction xs of the solvent S differs from that in the vicinity of the ions ... 

Fig. 14. Selective bonding of oxytetracycline vs its molar fraction (Nj) in Dowex 50 x 1 sulfonated cation exchangers with different exchange capacity 1) 5.0 mg-equiv/g 2) 2.3 mg-equiv/g...

Cathodic electrodeposition of microcrystalline cadmium-zinc selenide (Cdi i Zn i Se CZS) films has been reported from selenite and selenosulfate baths [125, 126]. When applied for CZS, the typical electrocrystallization process from acidic solutions involves the underpotential reduction of at least one of the metal ion species (the less noble zinc). However, the direct formation of the alloy in this manner is problematic, basically due to a large difference between the redox potentials of and Cd " couples [127]. In solutions containing both zinc and cadmium ions, Cd will deposit preferentially because of its more positive potential, thus leading to free CdSe phase. This is true even if the cations are complexed since the stability constants of cadmium and zinc with various complexants are similar. Notwithstanding, films electrodeposited from typical solutions have been used to study the molar fraction dependence of the CZS band gap energy in the light of photoelectrochemical measurements, along with considerations within the virtual crystal approximation [128]. 

Figure 13.9 (a) Temperature dependence of p on the DMPC bilayer on glass (white) and silicon (black), (b) Dependence ofp on the molar fraction of a cationic DMTAP additive in the DMPC bilayer. Adapted from Ref [48] with permission. 

The DASPE nanoparticles have been synthesized by the ion association reaction between the dye cation (note that the native compound is an iodide salt DASPE-I) and the hydrophobic borate anion (TPB or TFPB-) in the presence of neutral polymer stabilizer polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in aqueous solution [38, 39]. In the absence of PVP, mixing of aqueous TPB- (or TFPB-) and DASPE+ solutions at the same molar fraction yielded the orange opaque solid dispersion composed of the anion-exchanged dye species, DASPE-TPB (or... 

Costantino et al. [75] prepared M(II)/Al-carbonate LDHs (M(II) = Mg, Zn and Ni) by this method. The effects of varying the temperature, total metal cation concentration, molar fraction A1/A1+M(II) and molar fraction... 

Suzuoki and Epstein, 1976), where X i, X g, and Xp are molar fractions of sixfold coordinated cations. Equation 1.162 implies that hydrogen isotope fractionation among coexisting mica and amphibole is temperature independent and... 

Each anthocyanidin is involved in a series of equilibria giving rise to different forms, which exhibit their own properties including color. One- and two-dimensional NMR have been used to characterize the various forms of malvidin 3,5-diglucoside present in aqueous solution in the pH range 0.3 to 4.5 and to determine their molar fractions as a function of pH. In addition to the flavylium cation, two hemiacetal forms and both the cis and trans forms of chalcone were firmly identified. In a reexamination, the intricate pH-dependent set of chemical reactions involving synthetic flavylium compounds (e.g., 4 -hydroxyflavylium) was confirmed to be basically identical to those of natural anthocyanins (e.g., malvidin 3,5-diglucoside) in... 

Now, when these two species are added to each other, in a given relative concentration, a new species appears with a much narrower size distribution. This is shown in Figure 10.18, where the P-index (a measure of the polydispersity) is plotted against the molar fraction of DDAB. The P-index drops from the initial value of 0.20 (a very broad distribution) to 0.04, a very narrow distribution (stable for months), at a relative percent of 0.4 DDAB to 0.6 oleate (Thomas and Luisi, 2004). Between DDAB molar fractions of 0.41 and 0.60, flocculation occurs, which indicates a thermodynamic instability, in agreement with other cationic systems (Kaler etal., 1989 Marques etal., 1998 Kondo etal, 1995). 

Figure 5 a shows the transfection efficiency of (lamellar) DOTAP/DOPC-DNA complexes (circles) as a function of dotap- TE increases over several orders of magnitude with the molar fraction of cationic DOTAP. Also evident from this plot... 

We have mapped the transfection efficiency of DL/DOPC-DNA complexes as a function of molar fraction of DL (cPDL) and the cationic lipid/DNA charge ratio (Pchg)- As observed for DOTAP and multivalent lipids with valencies up to +5, TE... 

Table V. Cation molar and after ion fractions in exchange the original cancrinite samples ...

Figure 5. Variation of the fault probability parameter, p, in the framework of H-BOR-E, as a function of the molar fraction of R N cations, x (see Table I), in the precursors, for the different R N /R N systems.

To synthesize water-soluble or swellable copolymers, inverse heterophase polymerization processes are of special interest. The inverse macroemulsion polymerization is only reported for the copolymerization of two hydrophilic monomers. Hernandez-Barajas and Hunkeler [62] investigated the copolymerization of AAm with quaternary ammonium cationic monomers in the presence of block copoly-meric surfactants by batch and semi-batch inverse emulsion copolymerization. Glukhikh et al. [63] reported the copolymerization of AAm and methacrylic acid using an inverse emulsion system. Amphiphilic copolymers from inverse systems are also successfully obtained in microemulsion polymerization. For example, Vaskova et al. [64-66] copolymerized the hydrophilic AAm with more hydrophobic methyl methacrylate (MMA) or styrene in a water-in-oil microemulsion initiated by radical initiators with different solubilities in water. However, not only copolymer, but also homopolymer was formed. The total conversion of MMA was rather limited (<10%) and the composition of the copolymer was almost independent of the comonomer ratio. This was probably due to a constant molar ratio of the monomers in the water phase or at the interface as the possible locus of polymerization. Also, in the case of styrene copolymerizing with AAm, the molar fraction of AAm in homopolymer compared to copolymer is about 45-55 wt% [67], which is still too high for a meaningful technical application. 

Also, since rik is independent of the molar fractions, all components of the system save i and k may be removed without changing Ujc If then the components i and k are renamed -f and —, one finds for the eigen mobility. of the cations with respect to the anions... 

The molar fractions of the free cation (ape) and anion (o cog) are determined from... 

The stacking fault probability, p, in H-BOR-E depends on both the cation pair used in the reaction mixture and the jesultiijig cation abundance, defined by the molar fraction x=nR N /(n ,N +mRj N )+ within the pore structure of the precursor. In the Me N /(n-But) N system, p decreases linearly from 0.25 (H-BOR-D phase, x=0) to ca. 0.1 for x=0.5. For higher values of x, the trend is inverted... 

Noda et al. [ 168] reported the details of Bronsted acid-based ionic liquids consisting of a monoprotonic acid and an organic base, in particular solid bis(trifluorometha-nesulfonyl)amide (HTFSI) and solid imidazole (Im) mixed at various molar ratios to form liquid fractions. Studies of the conductivity, H NMR chemical shift, selfdiffusion coefficient, and electrochemical polarization results indicated that, for the Im excess compositions, the proton conductivity increased with an increasing Im molar fraction, with rapid proton-exchange reactions taking place between the protonated Im cation and Im. Proton conduction was found to occur via a combination of Grotthuss- and vehicle-type mechanisms. Recently, Nakamoto [169] reported the... 

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