Cathode, materials for

Tellurium has been tested as a cathode material for use in conjunction with an anode made of alkali metal, primarily lithium, in power sources with a high specific energy and power [99], The theoretical specific energy for Li/Te pair is 612 Wh kg High-temperature (470 °C) cells with Li, Te, and eutectic (LiF-LiCl-Lil) electrolyte in the molten state, or with more convenient, albeit more resistive, paste-type electrolytes, have been tested in the laboratory. Similar layouts have been proposed for utilizing the Li/Se pair (theoretic cal specific energy 1,210 W h kg ) with the cell ingredients in the molten state (365 C) or with paste electrolyte at a lower temperature. 

Lancry E, Levi E, Gofer Y, Levi MD, Aurbach D (2005) The effect of milling on the performance of a MogSg Chevrel phase as a cathode material for rechargeable Mg batteries. J Sohd State Electrochem 9 259-266... 

The concept of electrochemical intercalation/insertion of guest ions into the host material is further used in connection with redox processes in electronically conductive polymers (polyacetylene, polypyrrole, etc., see below). The product of the electrochemical insertion reaction should also be an electrical conductor. The latter condition is sometimes by-passed, in systems where the non-conducting host material (e.g. fluorographite) is finely mixed with a conductive binder. All the mentioned host materials (graphite, oxides, sulphides, polymers, fluorographite) are studied as prospective cathodic materials for Li batteries. 

Instead of mercury, Ito et a/.18 examined systematically some sp metals, such as Zn Pb, Sn, In, and Cd (5N purity), as the cathode materials for C02 reduction (Fig. 1). Using an In electrode at 3.9 mA/cm2, the highest current efficiency (92%) for formic acid production was obtained in an aqueous Li2C03 solution the potentials at which C02 was reduced at an In electrode were ca. 400 mV less negative than those at an Hg electrode. 

The seven papers in Chapter 6 are focused on cathode materials for lithium and lithium-ion batteries. Carbon is used as a conductive additive in composite electrodes for batteries. The type of carbon and the amount can have a large effect on the electrochemical performance of the electrode. 

We managed to obtain dense and solid thin films of 3d-metal oxides using the techniques of electrochemical deposition from aqueous fluorine-containing electrolytes. The films have been studied as a possible cathode material for secondary cells. The best samples show good cycle retention and acceptable specific capacity in the range of 180 mAh/g. They also feature a plateau of electrochemical potential at approximately 3,5 V, which is acceptable for present industrially produced electrochemical devices. 

Transition-metal oxides and their mixtures are widely employed in numerous industrial applications, especially as cathode materials for batteries and fuel cells [1,2], Practice poses certain well-known requirements to oxide materials, first of all, to uniformity of the size distribution of particles, to homogeneity of mixed oxides, etc. To meet these demands, two broad categories of methods are now in use, vs (i) mechanical methods and (ii) chemical methods. 

IMPROVED ELETROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SURFACE-COATED Li(Ni,Co,Mn)02 CATHODE MATERIAL FOR Li SECONDARY BATTERIES... 

High-power lithium-ion batteries are promising alternatives to the nickel metal hydride batteries which are currently used for energy storage in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Currently, Li(Ni,Co)02-based materials are the most widely studied cathode materials for the high-power lithium-ion batteries [1-4]. Although Li(Ni,Co)02-based materials meet the initial power requirement for the HEY application, however, it has been reported that they... 

The Brouwer diagram approach can be illustrated with reference to the perovskite structure oxide system BaYbvPr VC>3, which has been explored as a potential cathode material for use in solid oxide fuel cells. The parent phase... 

Mai A, HaanappelVAC, UhlenbruckS, TietzF, and Stover D. Ferrite-based perovskites as cathode materials for anode-supported solid oxide fuel cells, Part I. Variation of composition. Solid State Ionics 2006 176 1341-1350. 

To develop an alternative MIEC cathode not only the ex situ properties, e.g., cr, TEC, /), and k, but also the electrocatalytic activity, structural and chemical stability, and Cr-tolerance must be considered. Beyond testing in small SOFC button cells, the viability of new cathode materials must ultimately be proven in large-scale stack cells under practical current and temperature gradients. The issues involved in the development of cathode materials for large-scale stacks are significantly more complex than those in the small button cells briefly reviewed in this chapter. However, this does provide serious challenges as well as opportunities for materials scientists and engineers in the development of commercially viable ITSOFCs. 

Li Q, Zhao H, Huo L, Sun L, Cheng X, and Grenier JC. Electrode properties of Sr doped La2Cu04 as new cathode material for intermediate-temperature SOFCs. Electrochem. Commun. 2007 9 1508-1512. 

Koep E, Jin C, Haluska M, Das R, Narayan R, Sandhage K et al. Microstructure and electrochemical properties of cathode materials for SOFCs prepared via pulsed laser deposition. J. Power Sources 2006 161 250-255. 

Labrincha JA, Li-Jian M, dos Santos MP, Marques FMB, and Frade JR. Evaluation of deposition techniques of cathode materials for solid oxide fuel cells. Mater Res. Bull. 1993 28 101-109. 

NMR Studies of Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Rechargeable Batteries... 

A number of researchers, ° ° particularly in Japan, have been pursuing the oxides of iron as potential cathode materials for lithium cells. However, materials of the type LiFeOz have shown little ability for lithium removal. A number of other iron compounds have been studied over the years, including FeOCl, ° FePS3, ° KFeSz, and FeSz, but none showed much reversibility. Although metal phosphates have been studied for more than 20 years since the discovery of fast ion transport in NASICON, it is only recently that they have been considered as cathodes or anodes " of lithium batteries. 

Lii+ rV308 has received considerable attention as a cathode material for secondary lithium batteries over the past few years. Lii+ rV308 has a layered framework suitable for reversible lithium intercalation processes that can allow up to four Li+ ions per formula unit to be inserted (i.e., xcan vary from 0 to... 

---