Catalysis metal-loading

Yoo, J.S. (1998) Metal recovery and rejuvenation of metal-loaded spent catalysts. Catalysis Today, 44 (1—4), 27 16. 

Metal incorporation into the zeolite using metal loaded seed materials. The combination of catalyst metal with zeolite catalyst is one of the most intriguing subjects for bifunctional catalysis. The achievement of prominent effect of the seed crystals on the crystallization of ZSM-34 type catalyst induced an idea that the seed material on which a catalyst metal had been supported previously would also be effective for rapid crystallization. 

Metal clusters supported on refractory oxides are used extensively in catalysis for the production of chemicals and petroleum-derived transportation fuels. Catalysts in this class typically have metal loadings of less... 

Because carbon black is the preferred support material for electrocatalysts, the methods of preparation of (bi)metallic nanoparticles are somewhat more restricted than with the oxide supports widely used in gas-phase heterogeneous catalysis. A further requirement imposed by the reduced mass-transport rates of the reactant molecules in the liquid phase versus the gas phase is that the metal loadings on the carbon support must be very high, e.g., at least lOwt.% versus 0.1-1 wt.% typically used in gas-phase catalysts. The relatively inert character of the carbon black surface plus the high metal loading means that widely practiced methods such as ion exchange [9] are not effective. The preferred methods are based on preparation of colloidal precursors, which are adsorbed onto the carbon black surface and then thermally decomposed or hydrogen-reduced to the (bi)metallic state. This method was pioneered by Petrow and Allen [10], and in the period from about 1970-1995 various colloidal methods are described essentially only in the patent literature. A useful survey of methods described in this literature can be found in the review by Stonehart [11]. Since about 1995, there has been more disclosure of colloidal methods in research journals, such as the papers by Boennemann and co-workers [12]. 

The electronic metal-support interactions can also account for the lesser extent of SMSI with respect to H. chemisorption and catalysis when the metal loading is increased at constant crystallite size, since for an equivalent quantity of free electrons created by reduction in the support, the higher number of metal atoms present leads to weaker electronic perturbations per atom concerned. 

As developed in the introduction, a number of important features in hydrogenolysis of cycloalkanes on platinum-charcoal catalysts emerges from the work of the Soviet school of catalysis. In a different approach, the hydrogenolysis of methyl- and 1,3-dimethylcyclopentanes was investigated on a series of platinum-alumina catalysts with various metal loadings (0.2-20%) (84, 85). It was found that the product distribution changed substantially with the percentage of platinum on the carrier. An almost selective... 

S. Chatterjee H. L. Greene. Oxidative catalysis of chlorinated hydrocarbons by metal-loaded acid catalysts. Journal of Catalysis, 130 76-85,1991. 

Dehydroisomerization of n-butane over Pt-ZSM5 (I) Effect of the metal loading and acid site concentration. Journal of Catalysis 186 188-200. 

Pirola, C., Bianchi, C. L., Di Michele, A., Vitali, S., Ragaini, V. (2009). Fischer Tropsch and water gas shift chemical regimes on supported iron-based catalysts at high metal loading. Catalysis Communications, 10, 823—827. 

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