Catalysis hydrogen generation

H2 serves as the alternative energy source relative to fossil fuels and biomass [181] because it is clean and environmentally friendly. Hence, catalytic hydrogen generation from water under mild conditions is one of the goals for the organometallic catalysis. One of the hopeful methods is the electrochemical reduction of protons by a hydrogenase mimic. 

To realize efficient hydrogen generation from organic chemical hydrides with the superheated liquid-film-type catalysis in a continuous operation, catalytic dehydrogenation by use of a continuous reactor was investigated on a laboratory scale [13,14]. 

Phenols (p-cresol, guaiacol, pyrogallol, catechol) and aromatic amines (aniline, p-tolidine, o-phenyldiamine, o-dianisidine) are typical substrates for peroxidases [90 -109]. These compounds are oxidized by hydrogen peroxide or hydroperoxides under peroxidase catalysis to generate radicals, which after diffusion from the active center of the enzyme react with further aromatic substrates to form dimeric, oligomeric or polymeric products. 

Agrell, J., Lindstrom, B., Pettersson, L., and Jaras, S. Catalytic hydrogen generation from methanol. Catalysis, 2002, 16, 67. 

Giroux, T., Hwang, S., Liu, Y., Ruettinger, W., and Shore, L. Monolithic structures as alternatives to particulate catalysts for the reforming of hydrocarbons for hydrogen generation. Applied Catalysis. B, Environmental, 2005, 56, 185. 

Phenomenal progress has been made in the synthesis of nanostruetured materials in the last decade. A deeper understanding of the formation mechanisms has been established and it is now possible to synthesize these materials in a reproducible way. Modification of the properties of these materials should now pave the way for the use of these materials for conventional applications (catalysis, separation, adsorption, etc.) and for novel applications in the fields of solar energy conversion, electronics, hydrogen generation, etc. 

Boeltken, T Lee, S., Kreuder, H Pfeifer, R, Peters, T.A., Bredesen, R Dittmeyer, R. (2013) Microstructured reactors with integrated palladium membranes for hydrogen generation. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Catalysis in Membrane Reactors, Porto, Portugal. 

Figure 5.3 (a) Influence of amount of catalysis (Fe) on hydrogen generation rates,... 

Balat M (2008), Potential importance of hydrogen as a future solution to environmental and transportation problems, Int J Hydrogen Energy, 33,4013-29. Stojic D, Marceta M, Sovilj S, Miljanic S (2003), Hydrogen generation from water electrolysis - possibilities of energy saving, / Power Sources, 118,315-9. Armor J (1999), The multiple roles for catalysis in the production of H2, Appl Catal A, 176,159-76. 

Hn, X., Lu, G. (2010a). Comparative study of alumina-supported transition metal catalysts for hydrogen generation by steam reforming of acetic acid. Applied Catalysis B Environmental, 99, 289—297. 

While most of the promising state-of-the-art catalysts require the presence of additives, to date there are only scarce examples of hydrogen generation from formic acid without base or from pure FA without addition of solvent. This might be due to the use of mainly organometaUic transition metal complexes that exhibited superior activity over simple Ru salts. In 1995, the DH of aqueous FA catalyzed by Ir, Rh, Ru, and Pd chlorides as well as the promoting ability of nitrites for Rh catalysis was reported [178], Three years later, Puddephat... 

Israni, S.H., Nair, B.K.R. and Harold, M.P. 2009) Hydrogen generation and purification in a composite Pd hollow fiber membrane reactor Experiments and modeling. Catalysis Today, 139, 299-311. 

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