Cartilage and bone development

Tetracyclines should be avoided because of teratogenic effects, and sulfonamides should not be administered during the third trimester because of the possible development ofkernicterus and hyperbilirubinemia. Also, the fluoroquinolones should not be given because of their potential to inhibit cartilage and bone development in the newborn. 

Therapy should consist of an agent administered for 7 days that has a relatively low adverse-effect potential and is safe for the mother and baby. The administration of a sulfonamide, amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, cephalexin, or nitrofurantoin is effective in 70% to 80% of patients. Tetracyclines should be avoided because of teratogenic effects, and sulfonamides should not be administered during the third trimester because of the possible development of kernicterus and hyperbilirubinemia. In addition, the available fluoroquinolones should not be given because of their potential to inhibit cartilage and bone development in the newborn. A follow-up urine culture 1 to 2 weeks after completing therapy and then monthly until gestation is complete is recommended. 

Silbermann, M. 1990. In vitro systems for inducers of cartilage and bone development Biomaterials 11 47-49. 

Misawa, M., J. Doull, and E.M. Uyeki. 1982. Teratogenic effects of cholinergic insecticides in chick embryo-T. III. Development of cartilage and bone. Jour. Toxicol. Environ. Health 10 551-563. 

III. Development of cartilage and bone. J Toxicol Environ Health 10(4-5) 551-63. 

Abnormalities of liver, renal, and hematological parameters have been reported. As with other antibiotic regimens, pseudomembranous colitis may occur during or after treatment. Fluoroquinolones have the potential to cause adverse effects on developing cartilage and bone thus, ciprofloxacin should be used with caution in pregnant women and young children. 

Connective tissue is a group of tissue types that differ significantly in form and function from each other, yet share common features in their development and structural organization. Connective tissue is involved in the structure and support of an organism, fills interspaces with ECM and generates (in the broadest sense) further specialized tissues such as blood, cartilage and bone, all of which are usually considered as connective tissues. However, because these specialized... 

The essential role of perlecan in cartilage and skeletal development has been demonstrated in knockout mice (121), which survive to birth, but display severe skeletal defects with short axial and limb bones, and striking abnormalities in the growth plates of their long-bones. Mutations in the human perlecan gene have been identified in dyssegmental dysplasia (122) and the milder Schwartz-Jampel syndrome (chondrodystrophic myotonia) (123), which are characterized by their skeletal defects. Presumably, these defects include the intervertebral disks, but this has yet to be studied in detail. 

Caplan, A.L, Embryonic development and the principles of tissue engineering, in Novartis Foundation Tissue Engineering of Cartilage and Bone, John Wiley Sons, London, pp. 17-33, 2003. 

Thorp, B.H., Anderson, I., and Jakowlew, S.B. 1992. Transforming growth factor-beta 1, -beta 2 and -beta 3 in cartilage and bone cells during endochondral ossification in the chick. Development 114(4) 907-11. 

Cartilage and bone tissue engineering is especially suitable to be implemented and developed by means of polymer nanofibers used as scaffold material. Indeed, remodeling phenomena in adult bone tissues are driven by the early formation of fibrous collagen structures entrapping and spatially organizing cells, and by the precipitation of calcium salt in these assemblies. These processes are well suited to be effectively mimicked by bio-artificial constructs made by cells colonizing artificially realized nanofiber materials. 

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