Carrol conditions

A number of randomized chnical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of CBT for treating substance use disorders, compared with no-treatment control conditions (see Carroll 1996 for review). However, the superiority of CBT over other psychosocial treatments is not as clear. Although some studies have found CBT to be more effective than other treatments, others have found this method to be comparable to other treatment approaches (Carroll 1996). In Project MATCH, for instance, CBT, MET, and 12-step facihtation produced similar outcomes, with each therapy leading to substantial improvement in alcohol-related symptoms during the 12-week treatment period (Project MATCH Research Group 1997). 

Carroll et al. (2004) conducted another study examining psychotherapy and disulfiram treatment for cocaine dependence. In this randomi2ed, doubleblind, placebo-controlled study, patients (iV=121) were assigned to one of four conditions 1) disulfiram plus CBT 2) disulfiram plus interpersonal therapy (IPT), which addressed adherence to a medical model of psychiatric problems, interpersonal functioning, and supportive therapeutic exploration 3) placebo plus CBT or 4) placebo plus IPT. The patients who received disulfiram reduced their cocaine use, relative to those who received placebo, and the patients who received CBT reduced their cocaine use, relative to those who received IPT. Cocaine abstinence among the patients who received CBT plus placebo was not statistically different from that of the patients who re-... 

Carroll, M.E., and Meisch, R.A. Oral phencyclidine (PCP) selfadministration in rhesus monkeys Effects of feeding conditions. f Pharmacol Exp Ther 214 339-346, 1980. 

Excessive exposure to inorganic mercury, particularly in its elemental form, creates a psychological condition called erethism. Victims suffer from excessive timidity and self-consciousness, inability to concentrate, loss of memory, and other psychological changes. From at least the seventeenth and well into the nineteenth century, mercury was used to cure felt, and workers exposed during that process could acquire erethism. Lewis Carroll s character the Mad Hatter was no doubt based on the fact that hatters exposed to mercury could in fact go mad. The phrase mad as a hatter was in common use at the time Alice s Adventures in Wonderland was written. 

Si, Fe and Fe is variable. Illite also appears to be the early product of weathering in cycles of intense alteration or one of the stable products under intermediate conditions (Jackson, 1959). It is apparently stable, or unaffected by transport in rivers for relatively short periods of time (Hurley, et al., 1961) but does change somewhat in the laboratory when in contact with sea water (Carroll and Starkey, 1960) it has been reported to be converted to chlorite or expandable minerals upon marine sedimentation (Powers, 1959). However, Weaver (1959) claims that much sedimentary illite is "reconstituted" mica which was degraded to montmorillonite by weathering processes. It is evident that a certain and usually minor portion of illite found in sedimentary rocks is of detrital origin (Velde and Hower, 1963) whether reconstituted or not. 

As stated by Beyer, it now does appear that both noradrenaline and adrenaline are implicated in the humoral mediation of adrenergic nerve impulses. The hypothesis that adrenoxine as produced by any action of a catechol oxidase in the body acts under appropriate conditions as the vasodilator substance presently appears to be very doubtful, although some of the evidence along this line presented by Bacq (1) and by Heirman and Bacq (7) appeared to be reliable. Shortly after their reports appeared Carroll Handley and the author in the pharmacology laboratory of the University of California Medical School tried to confirm the apparent reversal of net vasomotor effects of catechol oxidase oxidation of adrenaline solutions but failed to observe any effects beyond those that could be ascribed to the destruction of a part of the adrenaline activity. 

The reductive coupling of the 7i-allylpalladium enolates 400 gives the allylated ketones 403. This reaction is also possible thermally and is called the Carroll reaction. Whereas the Carroll reaction proceeds by heating up to 200 °C, the Pd-catalysed Carroll-type reaction can be carried out under mild conditions (even at room temperature) by reductive elimination of the 7t-allylpalladium enolate 400 [177,178], The Pd-catalysed reaction is mechanistically different from the thermal reaction and more versatile, which is explained by the [3,3] sigmatropic rearrangement of the enolate form. For example, thermal Carroll rearrangement of the a,a-disubstituted keto ester 410 is not possible, because there is no possibility of the enolization. However, it rearranges to ketone 411 smoothly with the Pd catalyst, via the 7i-allylpalladium enolate. 

The grape berry microflora can vary according to climate conditions (Parish and Carroll, 1985) and grape variety (Schiitz and Gafner, 1993). Similarly, the drying process can result in changes in the microflora on the grape... 

Each element has a story of its own, and these stories are part of the fabric of history and literature. The Mad Hatter in Lewis Carroll s Alice in Wonderland was likely mad because of the mercury used in the hat-making industry. As scientists began to realize that there must be a connection between hatters working conditions and the unusual incidence of mental illness among hatters, mercury came to the fore as an environmental hazard. Lead has had a similar toxic past and has even been implicated in the decline of the Roman Empire. Ancient Romans were fond of boiling wine in lead bowls in order to produce syrup that was used as a sweetener. As science evolved, it became known that part of the sweetness was caused by a lead compound formed during this process. 

The hydrate formation conditions for pure H2S (Carroll, and Mather, 1991 and Glew, 2000) and pure C02 (Yang et al., 2000) are well established. However, a review of the literature revealed that there are no data for acid gas mixtures. Thus we must proceed with some caution. 

Carroll, J.J. 2004. An examination of the prediction of hydrate formation conditions in sour natural gas. GPA Europe Spring Meeting, Dublin, Ireland. 

Carroll, J.J. and Mather, A.E. 1991. Phase equilibrium in the system water-hydrogen sulphide hydrate-forming conditions. Can. J. Chem. Eng. 69 1206-1212. 

Table 1 lists the experimental conditions for the electrochemical formation of a cyclopropyl ring from a variety of 1,3-dihaloalkanes, mostly from dibromoalkyl derivatives. A free cyclopropyl ring as well as a spiro derivative (entry 6), bicyclobutanes (entries 8-10) and other fused and highly strained systems such as tricyclene (entry 11) and a propellane derivative (entries 12,13) were obtained. In addition, Carroll and Peters have found evidence for the intermediacy of [2.2.1 ]propellane upon reducing 1,4-dihalonorbor-nanes electrochemically at a low temperature, although attempts to isolate it were unsuccessful. The intramolecular electrochemical reduction of a dihalo-substituted tricyclic compound leads to cyclization with formation of a tetracyclic derivative in which... 

A modification of the Carroll reaction that enables the preparation of y,8-unsatu-rated ketones under milder conditions uses the dianion of allylic acetoacetates in a sequence of reactions depicted below. 

More recently, Pena and Miller investigated solubilzation rates of mixtures of n-decane and squalane into 2.5 wt% solutions of pure C,2Eg at 23°C using the oil drop method described above. They first measured the rate of solubilization of pure decane, confirming that the rate was controlled by interfacial phenomena as in Carroll s work, and demonstrated that pure squalane was not solubilized to any significant extent under these conditions. Next they measured solubilization rates of decane from various mixtures of the two hydrocarbons. Figure 9.7 shows results from one of these experiments together with predictions of a model based on assuming that the rate of decane... 

All studies concerning the weathering of phyllosilicates provide clear evidence that the dissolution of clay minerals and micas is very slow under natural conditions (Correns, 1963 Polzer and Hem, 1965 Calvera and Talibudeen, 1978 t Serstevens et al., 1978 Lim and Clemency, 1981 Carroll-Webb and Walther, 1988). Hence they are characteristic secondary weathering products occurring in soils and sediments. 

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