Adrenaline solution

In 1937 Arnow showed that tyrosine could be converted into DOPA by ultraviolet radiation51 and that the DOPA produced in this manner was subsequently destroyed by further irradiation, the solutions becoming red-brown in color (presumably due to the formation of dopachrome).51 In 1939 Konzett and Weis reported that the blood pressure-raising effect of adrenaline solutions was lost on ultraviolet irradiation and that the solutions became colored and fluorescent the initial red color fades to reddish yellow.62 This phenomenon suggests the initial formation of adrenochrome, followed by its isomerization to adrenolutin, both of these compounds being virtually void of pressor activity. Similarly to the radiation-induced hydroxylation of tyrosine mentioned above, synephrine was first... 

The characteristic transient yellow-green fluorescence exhibited by adrenaline solutions that were undergoing oxidation in the presence of alkali was first reported in 1918.182 This phenomenon was later shown to be general, and similar (but usually weaker) fluorescences were observed when other catecholamines were oxidized in alkaline solution.133 Many years were to elapse before the correct explanation of this phenomenon was forthcoming, i.e. that the fluorescent product derived from adrenaline was a rearrangement product of adrenochrome (the red oxidation product of adrenaline). 

As stated by Beyer, it now does appear that both noradrenaline and adrenaline are implicated in the humoral mediation of adrenergic nerve impulses. The hypothesis that adrenoxine as produced by any action of a catechol oxidase in the body acts under appropriate conditions as the vasodilator substance presently appears to be very doubtful, although some of the evidence along this line presented by Bacq (1) and by Heirman and Bacq (7) appeared to be reliable. Shortly after their reports appeared Carroll Handley and the author in the pharmacology laboratory of the University of California Medical School tried to confirm the apparent reversal of net vasomotor effects of catechol oxidase oxidation of adrenaline solutions but failed to observe any effects beyond those that could be ascribed to the destruction of a part of the adrenaline activity. 

Thoma K, Kbler N, Reimann E. Untersuchung der photostabiUtat von antimykotika 3. Mittelung photostabiUtat lokal wirksamer antimykotika. Pharmazie 1997 52(5) 362-372. Thoma K, Kbler N, Reimann E. Untersuchung der photostabiUtat von antimykotika 4. Mittelung photostabiUtat von flucytosin and griseofulvin. Pharmazie 1997 52(6) 455-302. Thoma K, Struve M. Studies on the photo- and thermostability of adrenaline solutions. Part 1. StabUity of adrenaUne solutions. Pharm Acta Helv 1986 61(l) 2-9. 

Adrenaline (epinephrine) may be useful for epistaxis, stopping haemorrhage by local vasoconstriction when applied by packing the nostril with ribbon gauze soaked in adrenaline solution. 

The addition of dextran to a lidocaine + adrenaline solution used for infiltration reduced the absorption of both (62). 

After 10-15 minutes occlusion, the lidocaine-adrenaline solution has penetrated the skin and reached the epidermis the adrenaline induces vasoconstriction. Uniform vasoconstriction is a sign that the local anesthetic has worked. Applying a single 5 cm line of ETCA peel solution with a cotton bud is enough to test the patient s sensitivity. If the patient feels no pain at all where the acid has been applied, the ETCA solution can be applied to the whole area to be treated. 

Adrenaline is contraindicated in cases of diabetes, hyperthyroidism, serious heart arrhythmias and coronary insufficiency or in combination with beta-blockers or monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors. Lidocaine with adrenaline has a very rapid onset of action. Its duration of action is longer than that of lidocaine without adrenaline. However, inadvertent injection of a lidocaine-adrenaline solution into the vessels located near the nerve trunks increases the heart rate (immediate sinus tachycardia at over 130 beats per minute, spontaneously reversible in around 15 minutes) and increases ventricular excitability (risk of fibrillation). It can trigger angina attacks that may lead to a heart attack. It is therefore preferable not to use adrenaline before a full-face phenol peel. 

Ethylapocupreine has been investigated (36, 37). It acts as a strong anesthetic, a 1 % solution (without adrenaline) corresponding to a 2 % novo-caine-adrenaline solution. Table 7 shows the comparative toxicities of ethylapocupreine, quinine, and novocaine. 

The blood pressme-raising effect of adrenaline is caused by a constriction of the blood-vessels. If, for example, mucous membranes are brushed with a highly diluted adrenaline solution (1 10,000), these become completely bloodless. To take advantage of this effect for small surgical procedures, adrenaline is added to local anaesthetics. 

Upon degradation, adrenaline solution first turns into pink, then red, and finally brown. Adrenaline is first oxidised into adrenochrome, which is consecutively oxidised into the fluorescent adrenolutin and brown melanin products [18]. The oxidation rates increase with increasing pH. The stability is the best at pH 3.2-3.6, by virtue of the relatively low reaction rate of the first step at this pH [19]. At pH 7.4, the rate of the second step is relatively high, whilst at pH 6.9, accumulation of adrenochrome occurs [18]. 

Pipette 10 ml of the solution into a comparison tube (or flask), add 01 ml of the iron-citrate reagent b) followed by 1 0 ml of the buffer reagent. After mixing the solution, allow to stand for twenty minutes and examine it in a suitable spectrophotometer to determine the extinction at about 540 m/r. The concentration of adrenaline is read directly from a calibration curve, prepared in a similar manner with a standard adrenaline solution. 

Eye-drops of Zinc Sulphate and Adrenaline, B.P.C. Contain 50 per cent of Adrenaline Solution and 0-25 per cent of zinc sulphate. 

The B,P.C. eye-drops and eye lotions are simple solutions of zinc sulphate with one or more of the following substances sodium chloride, adrenaline solution, chlorbutol and boric acid. None of these substances interferes with the assay of zinc sulphate by EDTA titration, method (viii) a)y 1 ml 0 02M EDTA = 0-00575 g ZnS04,7H20 adrenaline solution tends to mask the end-point but the amount present in these preparations is not sufficient to prevent the end-point being readily detected. For titration take 30 ml of Eye-drops of Zinc Sulphate B,P.C. (0-25 per cent), 30 ml of Eye-drops of Zinc Sulphate and Adrenaline, B.P.C. (0-25 per cent), and 50 ml of Compound Eye Lotion of Zinc Sulphate, B.P,C, (0-34 per cent with 2 29 per cent of boric acid) if boric acid is to be determined in the last-mentioned preparation, the zinc must first be precipitated with sodium carbonate (see p. 134). 

Colldahl, H. and Fagerborg, F,. (1956) Conjunctivitis and eyelid eczema due to hypersensitiveness to adrenalin solution employed in spray-treatment of asthma. Acta allerg. (kbh.), 10, 77. 

In this lecture we will be concerned by exocytosis of neurotransmitters by chromaffin cells. These cells, located above kidneys, produce the adrenaline burst which induces fast body reactions they are used in neurosciences as standard models for the study of exocytosis by catecholaminergic neurons. Prior to exocytosis, adrenaline is contained at highly concentrated solutions into a polyelectrolyte gel matrix packed into small vesicles present in the cell cytoplasm and brought by the cytoskeleton near the cell outer membrane. Stimulation of the cell by divalent ions induces the fusion of the vesicles membrane with that of the cell and hence the release of the intravesicular content into the outer-cytoplasmic region. 

Phenylephrine (27) is a low-potency sympathomimetic amine used as a decongestant. Solutions become coloured due to an auto-oxidation accelerated by light. In a series of experiments, aqueous solutions of the hydrochloride were left under a UV lamp until a tan colour developed. HPLC analysis showed four main products of which one was identified as adrenaline (19). Even after prolonged irradiation, there was never more than 2% adrenaline in the solution. It was assumed that the catecholamine was removed as it formed by further reaction to adrenochrome and melanine, which accounted for the colour [34],... 

Theory As pure adrenaline is sparingly soluble in distilled water, therefore, its solution is made in 1 M hydrochloric acid whereby the N-atom gets protonated and results into the formation of a quaternary ammonium compounds as shown in under ... 

Procedure Determine the angle of rotation of the freshly prepared 4% w/v solution of adrenaline in 1 M hydrochloric acid with the help of a previously checked polarimeter. The mean value of at least five similar determinations is employed in the calculation of the specific optical rotation. 

Over the years it has been interesting to note that many compounded products eventually become commercially available products. Recent examples might include fentanyl lozenges, minoxidil topical solution, nystatin lozenges, clindamycin topical solution, tetracaine-adrenalin-cocaine (TAG) solution, dihydroergotamine mesylate nasal spray, buprenorphine nasal spray, buffered hypertonic saline solution, and erythromycin topical solution as well as numerous other dermatological and pediatric oral liquids and some... 

Stopped-flow measurements with superoxide in aqueous solution at physiological pH are not possible due to its fast self-dismutation under these conditions. Therefore, the indirect assays such as McCord-Fridovich, adrenalin and nitroblue tetrazolium (NET) assays are widely used in the literature, not only for qualitative but also for quantitative detection of SOD activity of small molecular weight mimetics 52). Not going into details, we just want to stress that the indirect assays have very poor even qualitative reliability, since they can demonstrate the SOD activity of the complexes which does not react with superoxide at all. It has been reported in the literature that this is caused by the interference of hydrogen peroxide 29). We have observed that the direct reaction between complexes and indicator... 

In any setup, it is paramount that the electrodes get cleaned regularly. The minimum frequency, e.g., once a week, should be described in the instrument standard operation procedure (SOP), but for some methods or samples more frequent cleaning is necessary. An example is the determination of the enantiomeric purity of adrenaline in local anesthetic solutions. The samples are isotonic and contain high concentrations of local anesthetics (5—20mg/ml). The determination concerns very low concentrations of adrenaline (typically 5 pg/ml of 1-form and only a few percent of that of the d-form) and the samples are therefore injected undiluted. Furthermore, relatively high concentrations of cyclodextrin are present in the BGE. Eong sequences therefore require electrode cleaning for every sequence and this is thus described in the method procedure. ... 

Sanger-van de Griend, C. E., Ek, A. G., Widahl-Nasman, M. E., and Andersson, E. K. M. (2006). Method development for the enantiomeric purity determination of low concentrations of adrenaline in local anaesthetic solutions by capillary electrophoresis. /. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 41, 77—83. 

Topical solution 1 1000 (1 mg/mL as hydrochloride) (Rx) Adrenalin Chloride Solution (Monarch)... 

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