Carrier mineral

Each ore type described in Section 18.6.2 require different flowsheets and reagent schemes, which is dictated by the mineral composition of the ore and the geological setting, as well as the type of PGM carrier minerals. 

Macroglobulms -mineral nutrient carrier [MINERAL NUTRIENTS] (Vol 16)... 

Very finely divided minerals may be difficult to purify by flotation since the particles may a ere to larger, undesired minerals—or vice versa, the fines may be an impurity to be removed. The latter is the case with Ii02 (anatase) impurity in kaolin clay [87]. In carrier flotation, a coarser, separable mineral is added that will selectively pick up the fines [88,89]. The added mineral may be in the form of a floe (ferric hydroxide), and the process is called adsorbing colloid flotation [90]. The fines may be aggregated to reduce their loss, as in the addition of oil to agglomerate coal fines [91]. 

Calcium. Calcium is the fifth most abundant element in the earth s cmst. There is no foreseeable lack of this resource as it is virtually unlimited. Primary sources of calcium are lime materials and gypsum, generally classified as soil amendments (see Calcium compounds). Among the more important calcium amendments are blast furnace slag, calcitic limestone, gypsum, hydrated lime, and precipitated lime. Fertilizers that carry calcium are calcium cyanamide, calcium nitrate, phosphate rock, and superphosphates. In addition, there are several organic carriers of calcium. Calcium is widely distributed in nature as calcium carbonate, chalk, marble, gypsum, fluorspar, phosphate rock, and other rocks and minerals. 

Table 2. Blood Values and Carriers for Mineral Nutrients...

Sodium is commonly shipped in 36- to 70-t tank cars in the United States. Smaller amounts are shipped in 16-t tank tmcks or ISO-tanks. Sodium is also available in 104- and 190-kg dmms, and in bricks (0.5—5 kg). A thin layer of oxide, hydroxide, or carbonate is usually present. Sodium is also marketed in small lots as a dispersion in an inert hydrocarbon, or produced in-process via high pressure injection into a pumped stream of inert carrier fluid, such as toluene or mineral oil. 

Agriculture. Most forages provide insufficient sodium for animal feeding and may lack adequate chloride. Thus salt supplementation is a critical part of a nutritionally balanced diet for animals. In addition, because animals have a definite appetite for salt, it can be used as a deflvery mechanism to ensure adequate intake of less palatable nutrients and as a feed limiter. Salt is an excellent carrier for trace minerals. Salt, either in loose form or as compressed blocks, can be mixed with feed or fed free-choice to improve animal health and productivity (see Feeds and feed additives). 

Uses. Inactive dried yeasts are used as iagredients ia many formulated foods baby foods, soups, gravies, and meat extenders as carriers of spice and smoke flavors and ia baked goods. Yeasts used ia the health food iadustry are geaeraHy fortified with minerals and contain higher concentrations of the B vitamins, especially thiamin, riboflavin, and niacia (see Vitamins). 

Copper is one of the twenty-seven elements known to be essential to humans (69—72) (see Mineral nutrients). The daily recommended requirement for humans is 2.5—5.0 mg (73). Copper is probably second only to iron as an oxidation catalyst and oxygen carrier in humans (74). It is present in many proteins, such as hemocyanin [9013-32-3] galactose oxidase [9028-79-9] ceruloplasmin [9031 -37-2] dopamine -hydroxylase, monoamine oxidase [9001-66-5] superoxide dismutase [9054-89-17, and phenolase (75,76). Copper aids in photosynthesis and other oxidative processes in plants. 

These are the components of the formulation that do all or most of the actual foam control work. Traditionally, defoamers were single component Hquids or homogeneous solutions of vegetable or mineral oils, but more recendy a number of active hydrophobic soHds have been utilized so effectively that in a dispersion of hydrophobic soHds in a traditional oil such as castor oil [8001-79-4] the oil could be classed as a carrier oil rather than an active ingredient. 

Adsorption. The adsorption of the components of a vaccine on to a mineral adjuvant. The mineral adjuvants, or carriers, most often used are aluminium lydroxide, aluminium phosphate and calcium phosphate and their effect is to increase the immunogenieity and decrease the toxicity, local and systemic, of a vaccine. Diphtheria vaccine, tetanus vaccine, diphtheria/tetanus vaccine and diphtheriaAetanus/pertussis vaccine are generally prepared as adsorbed vaccines. 

Other than a nutritional role linked to mineralization processes, humic compounds have been hypothesized to directly affect plant nutrition, since it has been suggested that roots may take up low-molecular-weight humic molecules (21). Interestingly, plants have been ob.served to express carriers for amino acids (22) and small peptides (23) at the root level. Certain components of the humic fraction have been found inside root cells and were, moreover, translocated to the shoots (24,25). Recent experiments performed on rice cells in suspension culture seem to suggest that they may use carbon skeletons from humic molecules to synthesize proteins and DNA (26). 

Initiators Catalysts Co-catalysts Stereo modifiers Mineral oil (catalyst carriers)... 

Picard, D., Ste-Marie, L. G., Coutu, D., Carrier, L., Chartrand, R., Lepage, R., Fugere, P., Damour, P., Premenopausal bone mineral content relates to height, weight, and calcium intake during early adulthood, Bone and Mineral Research, 4, 299, 1988. 

---