Carrageenans sources

Various Latin American countries produce about 2300t of refined and 10001 of semirefined carrageenans. Sources CNUCED-CATT, 1981 MIS-MER, 1995 Perez, 1997 Critchleyand Ohno, 1998. 

Caryophyllidae are an interesting source of oligosaccharides and peptides with potential anti-inflammatory and/or immunomodulating effect. These polar compounds might for instance explain the fact that the fresh juice expressed from Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. (Amaranthaceae) inhibits carrageenan-induced edema in rodent. Note that the seeds of Gomphrena species inhibit the formation of IL-6 by osteoblastic cells (MC3T3-E10) without cytotoxicity in vitro. Such property could be useful for the treatment of chronic rheumatoid arthritis, infection, and cancer. In the Lauraceae, trans-cinnamal-dehyde from Cinnamomum cassia (Lauraceae, order Laurales) inhibits in vitro the... 

The ability of PMNs to elaborate O and its reactive progeny and the capacity of these progeny to react with many components of cells attracted the interest of investigators of the molecular basis of the inflammatory response. One way in which PMNs may participate is by acting as the source of the molecules such as OH which may destroy tissue. The inhibition of the inflammatory effects of Carrageenan by superoxide dismutase might represent such an effect. 

Carrageenan - [FAT REPLACERS] (Vol 10) -source of dietary fiber piETARY FIBER] (Vol 8)... 

Plant cell cultures represent a potentially rich source of secondary metabolites of commercial importance and have been shown to produce them in higher concentrations than the related intact plants. However, plant cell cultures often produce metabolites in lower concentrations than desired and commonly store them intracellularly. These limitations can be overcome by product yield enhancement procedures, including immobilization of cultured cells, and permeabilization, or ideally using a combined immobilization/ permeabilization process with retained plant cell viability. Complex coacervate capsules consisting of chitosan and alginate or carrageenan proved to be effective biomaterials for entrapment, controlled permeabilization of cells and to allow control of capsule membrane diffusivity. 

At the same time, 13C NMR spectra were used elucidating the structures of more-and more-complex galactans isolated from new species of the red seaweeds. All the papers of this kind are not mentioned, but several important early works should be cited, which gave evidence on the polysaccharide composition of numerous red seaweeds from the Sea of Japan,179 on the structural diversity of agar-like polysaccharides isolated from different species of the genus Gracilaria,421,422 and on the structure of carrageenans isolated from some new sources 423,424... 

As with other viscous polyanions such as carrageenan, pectin may be protective towards milk casein colloids, enhancing the properties (foam stability, solubility, gelation and emulsification) of whey proteins whilst utilizing them as a source of calcium. 

Carrageenan, when extracted from the appropriate seaweed source, is a yellow-brown to white colored, coarse to fine powder that is odorless and tasteless. 

Among single fiber sources, cellulose decreased iron absorption when fed in sufficient amounts to rats (23.33) but not to monkeys (22) or chickens (3D Agar, carrageenan, alginate and fucoidan decreased iron balance (2 ) or iron uptake (29) in rats. The difference between the response of iron-depleted and iron-replete rats to alginate is of interest. Iron absorption was decreased in the latter but not in the former (29). 

The first commercial production of L-aspartic acid was started in 1973 by the Tanaba Seiyaku Company, Japan. The process uses aspartase contained in whole microorganisms and involves the immobilization of E. coli on polyacrylamide gel or carrageenan. The immobilized cells are then subjected to treatment in order to increase cell permeability. The substrate, fumaric acid, is dissolved in a 25 % ammonia solution and the resulting ammonium fumarate is then passed through the reactor containing the immobilized E. coli. The reaction is exothermic and the reactor has to be designed to remove the heat produced. The conversion of fumaric acid to aspartic acid is more economical than the direct fermentation of sugars. The key to economical production of L-aspartic acid for expanded use is a cheaper and more abundant source of fumaric acid. 

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