Cardiovascular disorders hyperlipidemia

Mortality secondary to cardiovascular disease is 10 to 30 times greater in dialysis patients than in the general population. In addition to traditional cardiac risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, tobacco use, and physical inactivity, patients with kidney disease have other unique risk factors. Among these are hyper-homocysteinemia, elevated levels of C-reactive protein, increased oxidant stress, and hemodynamic overload. Complications previously discussed such as anemia and metabolic disorders of CKD are also contributory. In particular, arterial vascular disease (i.e., atherosclerosis) and cardiomyopathy are the primary types of cardiovascular disorders present in the CKD population. These disorders lead to development of ischemic heart disease and its manifestations including myocardial infarction. As a predominant comorbidity, cardiovascular disorders and their sequela are the leading cause of death in the ESKD population. ... 

The phytochemical investigations of Comus species revealed that their fruits are rich in bioactive compoimds such as polyphenols, anthocyanins, flavonoids, tannins, iridoids, triterpenoids, fatty acids, ascorbic acid and minerals. For many years they have been used in traditional and folk medicine to treat diabetes, liver and kidney diseases, gastrointestinal disorders, fever, pain and many others. Modem pharmaceutical studies indicated that Comus spp. fruits exhibit therapeutic effects on diabetes, cancer, inflammatory diseases, cardiovascular disorders or obesity, especially due to their high antioxidant activity. They also have notable beneficial effects on hepatoprotection, hyperlipidemia, neuroprotection and inhibiton of bacteria and vimses. 

A complete history and physical examination should assess (1) presence or absence of cardiovascular risk factors or definite cardiovascular disease in the individual (2) family history of premature cardiovascular disease or lipid disorders (3) presence or absence of secondary causes of hyperlipidemia, including concurrent medications and (4) presence or absence of xanthomas, abdominal pain, or history of pancreatitis, renal or liver disease, peripheral vascular disease, abdominal aortic aneurysm, or cerebral vascular disease (carotid bruits, stroke, or transient ischemic attack). 

Exchangeable apolipoproteins are a class of functionally important proteins which play a key role in plasma lipoprotein metabolism. In this capacity they have been associated with several human disorders, including hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular disease (1,2). Apolipophorin-III (apoLp-III) is a model exchangeable apolipoprotein derived from the insect Manr/Mca sexta (166 residues, Mr 18,380). ApoLp-III is a major hemolymph protein in the adult life stage and... 

In addition to diabetes mellitus, Mr. Applebod has a hyperlipidemia (high blood lipid level—elevated cholesterol and triacylglycerols), another risk factor for cardiovascular disease. A genetic basis for Mr. Applebod s disorder is inferred from a positive family history of hypercholesterolemia and premature coronary artery disease in a brother. 

Increased level of reactive oxygen speeies (ROS) has been found to induce various physiologieal disorders. Among these health problems, cardiovascular diseases are linked to exeessive generation of ROS that cause oxidative stress. Elevated levels of vascular superoxide anion production have been foimd in animal models of hyperlipidemia [90,91], h5 ertension [92,93], and diabetes [94,95]. Furthermore, clinical studies have established that h ercholesterolemia and diabetes in... 

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