Cardiovascular disease Fish oils

Virtanen, J. K., Voutilainen, S., Rissanen, T. H., Mursu, J., Tuomainen, T. P., Korhonen, M. J., Valkonen, V. P., Seppanen, K., Laukkanen, J. A., and Salonen, J. T. (2005). Mercury, fish oils, and risk of acute coronary events and cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, and all-cause mortality in men in eastern Finland. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vase. Biol. 25, 228-233. 

Fish oils that contain high amounts of the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids eiocosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20 5, n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22 6, n-3) have been suggested to decrease the risk of development of cardiovascular disease. Freshwater fish oil carp oil are not rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, but tuna oil is rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids such as EPA and DHA Table (1) . 

We know for certain that people who eat fish, especially coldwater fatty fish such as salmon, herring, and sardines, protect themselves against cardiovascular disease. But can fish oil supplements provide similar protection Specifically, can taking those supplements help to control blood pressure ... 

Kris- Etherton PM, Harris WS, Appel LJ. Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vase. Biol. 2003 23 e20. 

Prichard BNC, Smith CCT, Ling KLE, Betteridge DJ. Fish oils and cardiovascular disease. Br. Med. J. 1995 310 819-820. Kagawa Y, Nishizawa M, Suzuki M, et al. Eicosapolyenoic acids of serum lipids of Japanese islanders wifli low incidence of cardiovascular diseases. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 1982 28 441-453. Kromhout D, Bosschieter EB, de Lezenne Coulander C. The inverse relation between fish consumption and 20-year mortality from coronary heart disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 1985 312 1205-1209. 

Intake of dietary sources of n-3 fatty acids is associated with reduced incidence and severity of inflammatory disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and some cancers in humans (12, 98-103). Populations consuming fish that are rich in n-3 fatty acids are known to have a low incidence of atherosclerotic disorders (104). Dietary fish oil, which is high in EPA and DHA, also was shown to reduce myocardial ischemic damage (105) and ventricular fibrillation (106). The antitumorigenic effect of n-3 fatty acids was demonstrated in breast cancer (107), colon cancer (108-110), and pancreatic neoplasm (111). In addition to their beneficial influence on cardiovascular disorders and cancers, n-3 fatty acids are also known to decrease the severity and minimize symptoms of inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (15) and inflammatory bowel disease (16), and may be of benefit in correcting psychological disorders (17). 

EPA and DHA in fish oil have a role in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. 

As previously discussed under pharmacological predictors, fish oil was shown to be beneficial in the GlSSI-Prevenzione trial in reducing all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Increased omega-3 fatty acids are one component of the Mediterranean diet, which has the most substantial evidence for benefit in secondary prevention for patients with chronic ischemic heart disease. As reviewed by Parikh et al. (120), several studies have looked at either the addition of omega-3 fatty acids alone, or the institution of the Mediterranean diet in reducing cardiovascular endpoints in patients with established CHD. Perhaps the most impressive from the dietary standpoint was a follow-up of the Lyon Diet Heart study (121) which evaluated 605 post-MI survivors randomized to a Mediterranean-type diet versus a prudent Western-... 

Wang C, Harris WS, Chung M, et al. n-3 Fatty acids from fish or fish-oil supplements, but not alpha-linolenic acid, benefit cardiovascular disease outcomes in primary- and secondary-prevention studies a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr2006 84(1) 5—17. 

Brown, A.J. and Roberts, D.C.K., Fish and fish oil intake effect on hematological variables related to cardiovascular disease, Thromb. Res., 64, 169, 1991. 

Flaten, H., Hostmark, A.T., Kierulf, P, Lystad, E., Trygg, K., Bjerkedal,T., and Osland, A. (1990) Fish-Oil Concentrate Effects on Variables Related to Cardiovascular Disease, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 52,300-306. 

Furthermore, dietary intake of fish oil has also shown to enhance the coronary vasomotor activity in patients with coronary artery disease [36] and reduce the number of deaths derived from chronic cardiac failure [29], Altogether, these data suggest that dietary intake of o-3 fatty acid supplements are beneficial to coimteract against cardiovascular-related diseases such as hyperlipidemia, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and myocardial infarction. 

Mori, T. A. Beilin, L.J. Burke, V. Morris, J. Ritchie, J. (1997). Interactions between dietary fat, fish, and fish oils and their effects on platelet function in men at risk of cardiovascular disease. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, Vol.l7, No.2, 0 ebruary 1997), pp. 279-286, ISSN 1079-5642... 

Fish oils have been extensively investigated using H-and C-NMR. PUFAs, important in diet, are believed to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. NMR analysis of PUFA is an interesting alternative to the widely used GC and GC-MS techniques when artifacts may arise either during transesterification or within the GC-MS equipment due to elevated... 

Long-chain co-3 fatty acids Salmon and other fish oils Reduce risk of cardiovascular disease ... 

Herold, P.M. and Kinsella, J.E. (1986) Fish oil consumption and decreased risk of cardiovascular disease a comparison of findings from animal and human feeding trials. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 43, 566-598. 

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