Carcinogen analysis

Current Uses of UHPLC-MS in Foodborne Carcinogen Analysis.76... 

CURRENT USES OF UHPLC-MS IN FOODBORNE CARCINOGEN ANALYSIS... 

Colorants. According to U.S. regulations, colorants are divided into two classes certified and exempt (see Colorants for foods, drugs, COSMETICS, AND MEDICAL DEVICES). Batch samples of certified colors must be sent to the FDA for analysis and confirmation that the colorants comply with estabhshed specifications. Color manufacturers pay a small fee for each batch of color that is analy2ed. The number of certified colors available to food technologists has declined. Several of the historical colorants were found to have carcinogenic effects. Table 1 shows the certified colors that are permissible for food use in the United States as of 1993. 

L. Fishbeia and 1. K. O Neill, eds.. Environmental Carcinogens Methods of Analysis and Exposure Measurement, Vol. 10, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 1988, Chapts. 7—12. 

There are numerous methods available to identify the potential for chemicals to cause both healtli conditions and adverse effects on tlie eiiviroiiment. These can include, but are not limited to, toxicology, epidemiology, molecular and atomic structural analysis, MSDS sheets, engineering approaches to problem solving, fate of chemicals, and carcinogenic versus non-carcinogenic healtli hazards... 

The analysis of combustion products presents problems of complexity similar to that of feedstock and raw fuel analysis. A highly complex matrix of aliphatic material often exists (as unburnt fuel in the combustion exhaust), whilst the species of interest, for example, carcinogens or mutagens are often at very low concentrations. A classic example of multidimensional GC is its use in the analysis of flue-cured tobacco essential oil condensate. 

Another interesting, but rather complex system, which couples flow injection analysis, EC and GC has been recently reported (47). This system allows the determination of the total amount of potentially carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in bitumen and bitumen fumes. This system could also be used for the analysis of specific PACs in other residual products. 

Egan, H. Preussmann, R. Walker, E.A. Castegnaro, M. Wasserman, A.E. Eds. "Environmental Carcinogens Selected Methods of Analysis Vol. 1 - Analysis of Volatile Nitrosamines in Food." lARC Scientific Publications No. 18. International Agency for Research on Cancer Lyon, 1978. Walker, E.A. Griciute, L. Castegnaro, M. Borzsonyi, M., Eds. "N-Nitroso Compounds Analysis Formation and Occurrence" lARC Scientific Publications No. 31. International Agency for Research on Cancer Lyon, 1980. Hedler, L. Schurr, C. Marquadt, P. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1979, 681-684. 

Polychloro-benzenes, polybromo-benzenes, and dioxins (TCDD) are among these compounds. They were discovered when the analysis techniques improved. Especially the development of GC-MS has contributed to the knowledge of the distribution of these compounds. Effects on humans are the development of chloracne, suppression of the immune system, and some compounds are probably carcinogens (Shaw 1993). As a consequence of the ubiquitous nature of PCBs, humans are exposed via many sources. 

If linear (dose) models without thresholds are to be used for carcinogen (or other) risk assessment, estimation of exposure at specified levels becomes irrelevant to risk assessment or, at least, its use is nonintuitive. For example, a carcinogen risk analysis may be based on a linear, nonthreshold health effects model. The total health risk would thus be proportional to the long-term exposure summed for all affected people for the identified period, and exposure of many people at low concentrations would be equivalent to exposure of a few to high concentrations. The atmospheric dispersion that reduces concentrations would also lead to exposure of more people therefore, increments... 

H.A. Guess and K.S. Crump. "Low Dose Extrapolation of Data from Animal Carcinogenicity Experiments - Analysis of a New Statistical Technique." Math. Biosciences, 32, 1976, pp. 15-36. 

Cooke M, Degner KB, Osborne MC, et al. 1984. Candidate sampling and analysis methods for twenty- one suspect carcinogens in combustion emissions. Proceedings-Air Pollution Control Association Annual Meeting, 77th 84-12.4. 

Garrett NE, Stack HF, Gross MR, et al. 1984. An analysis of the spectra of genetic activity produced by known or suspected human carcinogens. Mutat Res 134 89-111. 

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