Carbonized furan resin

A number of cement materials are used with brick. Standard are phenolic and furan resins, polyesters, sulfur, silicate, and epoxy-based materials. Carbon-filled polyesters and furanes are good against nonoxidizing acids, salts, and solvents. Silica-filled resins should not be used against hydrofluoric or fluosihcic acids. Sulfur-based cements are limited to 93°C (200°F), while resins can be used to about 180°C (350°F). The sodium silicate-based cements are good against acids to 400°C (750°F). 

There are now commercially available a large range of laminated plastics materials. Resins used include the phenolics, the aminoplastics, polyesters, epoxies, silicones and the furane resins, whilst reinforcements may be of paper, cotton fibre, other organic fibres, asbestos, carbon fibre or glass fibre. Of these the phenolics were the first to achieve commercial significance and they are still of considerable importance. 

Biomass phenolic and furan resins polyimides glassy carbons, binder and matrix carbons" graphite films and monoliths activated carbons ... 

Furane resins are superior to polyesters and epoxies for resistance to ketones, chlorinated solvents and carbon disulfide. However, as they are... 

The most widely applied method is dipcoating (81). The monoliths are dipped in a precursor solution and subsequently dried, carbonized, and (if necessary) activated. Many different carbon precursors have been used, such as saccharides (56,82,83), polyfurfuryl alcohol (84), phenolic resins, and furanic resins (85,86). 

In contrast to the phenolic, urea and furan resinous cements, the liquid epoxy resin in the epoxy cements is cured by a reaction with a polyfunctional amine, such as polyethyleneamine or an active polyamide (Versamid) which is dispersed in the carbon or silica filler as shown in the following equation. ... 

A. Binder for Foundry Sand. The major industrial use o furan resins is as a binder for foundry sand. Low levels of resin binder (0.8 to 27 ) are used to bond the sand as cores and molds for molten metal. By use of continuous mixers and appropriate levels of strong, acidic catalysts, set and strip times as low as 45 seconds at ambient temperature are attainable (see Figures 1 and 2). The furan resins work ideally in this application since they have sufficient thermal stability to retain the shape of the mold until the metal sets, then subsequently carbonize to allow shake-out of the sand after the metal hardens. 

Orthophthalic, isophthalic, bisphenol, and chlorinated or brominated polyesters exhibit poor resistance to such solvents as acetone, carbon disulfide, toluene, trichloroethylene, trichloroethane, and methyl ethyl ketone. The vinyl esters show improved solvent resistance. Heat-cured epoxies exhibit better solvent resistance. However, the furan resins offer the best all-around solvent resistance. They excel in this area. Furan resins are capable of handling solvents in combination with acids and bases. 

FURAN Combination resins of Phenol Urea Furfuryl alcohol Formaldehyde Particulate matter - soot from the incomplete combustion of the carbon based resins Carbon oxides Phenol, cresols and xylenols Formaldehyde Aromatics (inc. polycyclics) Sulphur dioxide Ammonia Aniline Isocyanic acid Methyl isocyanate Odour may occasionally be a problem... 

In 2010 [95], Ozaki and collaborators mixed a furan resin with iron, cobalt, or nickel acetylacetonates and carbonized the mixture in N2 at 600 to 1,000 °C. The resulting material was ball milled and then acid washed to remove excess metal. The best catalyst was obtained with the Co complex carbonized at 800 °C. Its Fonset in 0.5 M H2SO4 was 0.62 V vs. RHE. The catalyst had a specific surface area of 211 m /g and its N/C ratio was 0.035. Its ORR activity was explained by the formation of carbon nanoshells, but also by N doping of the catalyst carbonaceous material. 

Ozaki JI, Tanifuji SI, Kimura N, Furuichi A, Oya A (2006) Enhancement of oxygen reduction activity by carbonization of furan resin in the presence of phthalocyanines. Carbon 44 1298-1352... 

For completeness, after discussing the histories of carbon fibers derived from cellulose, PAN, and pitch, the category of "other precursors" should be covered. The tremendous activity in carbon fiber research and development is reflected in the large number of precursors which have been converted into carbon fibers. Besides the "big three", the list [34] includes phenolic polymers, phenol formaldehyde resin, furan resins [35], polyacenaphthalene, polyacrylether, polyamide, polyphenylene, polyacetylene, polyimide, polybenzimidazole, polybenzimidazonium salt, polytriazoles, modified... 

Phenolic resins are not used in monolithic surfacings in grouts or in polymer concretes but are extensively used in mortars. They are two-component systems as are the furan resins using 100% carbon filler, or 100% silica filler, or part carbon and part silica filler. Like the epoxies, the phenolic resins can be allergenic to sensitive skin. Protective clothing should be worn by persons handling the phenolic resins. Phenolic resins have a limited shelf life and must be stored at 45°F (7 C). 

There are two basic types of processes used to make CAMCs. The first is chemical vapor infiltration (CVI). CVI is a process in which gaseous chemicals are reacted or decomposed, depositing a solid material on a fibrous preform. In the case of CAMCs, hydrocarbon gases like methane and propane are broken down, and the material deposited is the carbon matrix. The second class of processes involves infiltration of a preform with polymers or pitches, which are then converted to carbon by pyrolysis (heating in an inert atmo-sphere). After pyrolysis, the composite is heated to high temperatures to graphitize the matrix. To minimize porosity, the process is repeated untU a satisfactory density is achieved. This is called densification. Common matrix precursors are phenolic and furan resins, and pitches derived from coal tar and petroleum. 

Tumolva, T., Kubouchi, M., Aoki, S., and Sakai, T. (2011) Evaluating the carbon storage potential of furan resin-based green composites. Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Composite Materials, Jeju, South Korea, August 21-26, 2011. 

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