Monolithic surfacings

C 531 Test Method for Linear Shrinkage and Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Chemical-Resistant Mortars, Grouts, and Monolithic Surfacings C 579 Test Methods for Compressive Strength of Chemical-Resistant Mortars and Monolithic Surfacings... 

C 579 Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of (Method B) Chemical Resistant Mortars and Monolithic Surfacings C 882-87 Standard Test for Bond Strength of Epoxy-Resin Systems Used with Concrete C 884-87 Standard Test Method for Thermal Compatibility between Concrete and an Epoxy-Resin Overlay... 

Test Method for Adhesion in Peel of Elastomeric Joint Sealants Recommended Practice for Surface Preparation of Concrete for Application of Chemical Resistance Resin Monolithic Surfaces Method of Testing Release Papers Used with Preformed Tape Sealants Test Method for T-Peel Strength of Hot Applied Sealants Test Method for Tensile Adhesive Strength of Preformed Tape Sealants by Disk Method... 

When mixed sols are used in washcoating, a mixed oxidic layer may be formed on the monolith surface [79 -84], so a large flexibility exists. 

Alumina washcoating is taken as an example to illustrate the washcoating of an alumina layer onto a monolith surface. 

In application of the method, care should be taken not to change the properties of the active phase (or its precursor) in the process of slurry dip-coating, and attention should be paid to the adhesion of the coated layer. Encapsulation of the active phase may occur, which reduces the availability of the active phase. An attractive feature of slurry dipcoating is that it enables depositing of a synthesized active phase or a support material with known properties on a monolith surface. When the active phase or its precursor is difficult to synthesize or is prepared under conditions that may damage the support (e.g., perovskite) [88,94], the method is very useful. 

C.2.4 ASTM tests for resin mortars, grouts and monolithic surfaces... 

C-413 Absorption of chemical resistant mortars, grouts and monolithic surfacing. 

C-579 Compressive strength of chemical-resistant mortars, grouts, monolithic surfacing and polymer concrete (based on resin, silicate, silica and sulphur binders). 

Sheppard, W.L., Jr., Failure Analysis of Chemically Resistant Monolithic Surfacings, Chem. Engr. (July 23,1984). 

When a monolithic surfacing is applied to a concrete substrate, in most cases much of the cure shrinkage of the concrete has already taken place. However, the concrete contractor will have, perhaps, installed expansion joints in the slab, and should have cut in or formed control joints as well, so that any future shrinkage will occur at these intentionally weakened parts of the slab rather than in random locations. In addition, there will be "cold seams"—locations where a concrete pour was completed one afternoon and another pour made a day or so later, or fresh concrete was poured against dry, partly cured concrete. This joint is also weak, and with shrinkage of concrete over the years will probably also crack. 

Now consider monolithic surfacings. (Although not identical, polymer concrete constructions will be found to be quite similar.)... 

The following material is from "Failure analysis of chemically resistant monolithic surfacings." Reprinted by special permission tom Chemical Engineering, July 23,1984 by McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York. 

The increase in surface area of the pHIPE is important to open up new application areas. One approach is to attach spherical particles to the surface of the monolithic material. This has been, for example achieved by electrostatic interaction between charged latex nanoparticles and a monolithic surface (62). In preliminary experiments we investigated if fimctional silica microparticles could be covalently adsorbed to the p(HIPE-g-GMA) surface so as to produce stable, functional pHIPE with an increased surface area. 

Effective Area. - The catalyst consists of active metal dispersed on a substrate material. Therefore, there is a difference between the effective area used in mass transfer calculations of chemical reaction and the effective area used in heat transfer culculations which corresponds to the monolith surface area including surface roughness. The ratio of both effective areas must be defined based on experimental results, as they depend on catalyst type and manufacturing processes. The Thiele number is sometimes used for this same purpose. The relationship between effective area ratio and conversion efficiency is shown in Figure 3. This effective area ratio may be one of the characteristic values of the catalyst, which affects catalyst performance and catalyst temperature. The effective area ratio in the present study is estimated to be 0.3 for mass transfer and 1 for heat transfer based on the experimental data. 

Whereas in packed bed chromatography, mass transfer rates and pressure drop may be limiting, in monoliths surface interactions determine the overall reaction rate . The feasibility of using ceramic monoliths as support in affinity chromatography has been clearly establishedt ... 

EDX analysis (1 pm depth) of the bulk and surface composition of the monolith and XPS analysis (4-5 atomic layers) of the monolith surface. 

Figure 1. Electron micrograph of the metal monolith surface, showing the alumina whiskers. The bar i---- represents 1 pm.

To increase the accessibility of the inner reactive groups and also the number of functionalities, the monolith surface was grafted as showed in Figure 16. The chloromethyl polystyrene discs (Fig. 16, A) reacted with azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid) (ACVA), a symmetrical azo initiator, to give the polymer-supported acid (Fig. 16, B and C). The pores were then filled with an appropriate monomer and polymerized to afford the final products (Fig. 16, D). The initiator could also react with two chloromethyl groups (Fig. 16, C) and this was indeed preferred to obtain... 

The most popular monolithic surfacings are formulated from the following... 

Manufacturers directions should be adhered to regarding the priming of the substrate prior to applying the monolithic surfacing. 

Monolithic surfacings may be installed by a variety of methods, many of which are the same methods used in the Portland cement concrete industry. The primary methods are ... 

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