Carbonation durability

The tetramethylol derivative of DABT, prepared by reaction of DABT with alkaline aqueous formaldehyde, polymerized readily on cotton. It imparted excellent flame retardancy, very durable to laundering with carbonate- or phosphate-based detergents as well as to hypochlorite bleach. This was accomphshed at low add-on without use of phosphoms compounds or antimony(III) oxide (75—77). 

Bicomponent technology has been used to introduce functional and novelty effects other than stretch to nylon fibers. For instance, antistatic yams are made by spinning a conductive carbon-black polymer dispersion as a core with a sheath of nylon (188) and as a side-by-side configuration (189). At 0.1—1.0% implants, these conductive filaments give durable static resistance to nylon carpets without interfering with dye coloration. Conductive materials such as carbon black or metals as a sheath around a core of nylon interfere with color, especially light shades. 

Hydraulic limes (84) may be used for mortar, stucco, or the scratch coat for plaster. They harden slowly under water, whereas high calcium limes, after slaking with water, harden in air to form the carbonate but not under water at ordinary temperatures. However, at elevated temperatures achieved with steam curing, lime—silica sand mixtures do react to produce durable products such as sand—lime bricks. 

Susceptibility to radiation damage must be considered seriously if reference samples are to be calibrated for use in place of absolute systems. For the measurement of absolute C He, H) cross sections, films of polystyrene (CH) (which is relatively radiation hard) have been used successfiiUy, the RBS determination of carbon providing implied quantitation for the hydrogen present in the film. For a durable laboratory reference sample, however, there is much to recommend a known ion-implanted dose of H deep within Si or SiC, where the loss of hydrogen under room temperature irradiation will be neghgible. 

Silicon used for diffusion treatment of carbon steels enhances corrosion resistance to sulfuric acid. Such a treatment has the surface durability of iron/silicon alloys without their marked brittleness. 

This frontier s practical opportunities were first developed with submarines, which until the nuclear ones were limited to depths of only a few hundred feet. Many thousands of feet can now be navigated. The crushing pressures below the surface, which increase at a rate of about V2 psi per foot of depth, make corrosion a major threat to the operation and durability of many materials. For example, the life of uncoated magnesium bolts in contact with steel nuts is less than seventy-two hours, aluminum buoys will corrode and pit after only eleven months at just four hundred feet, and low-carbon steel corroded at a rate one-third greater than in surface waters. 

The biggest challenge to produce an ultra-thin (about 1 nm) overcoat is to make the coating free of pin-holes while maintaining the durability and tribological properties. In an HDD system, pin-holes can cause much more contaminants from all sources, such as outgas compounds from polymeric foam components, pressure sensitive adhesives, ionic residues from improperly cleaned components and ambient pollutants, which can be detrimental to the tribology and durability of the HDD. Therefore, efforts have been made mainly on the improvement of carbon film [4-7]. 

Chiba, T., Ariake, J., Honda, N., and Ouchi, K., "A Highly Durable Stmcture of Carbon Protective Layer, IEEE Trans. Magn., Vol. 38,2002, pp. 2129-2131. 

The carbon atoms in a diamond are connected in a three-dimensional network, each atom connected to four others. Each atom is at the center of a regular tetrahedron, as shown above. We describe this geometry, which occurs in many compounds of carbon, in Chapter 9. The three-dimensional connections result in a solid that is transparent, hard, and durable. The diamond structure forms naturally only at extremely high temperature and pressure, deep within the Earth. That s why diamonds are rare and precious. 

Similar ECA loss phenomena have been observed in PEMECs. Understanding ECA loss and carbon corrosion mechanisms may help with designing more durable... 

Wang X, Li WZ, Chen ZW, Waje M, Yan YS. 2006. Durability investigation of carbon nanotube as catalyst support for proton exchange membrane fuel cell. J Power Sources 158 154-159. 

The reddish metal was already known in prehistoric times. It occasionally occurs as a native metal, but mostly in conspicuous green ores, from which it is extracted relatively easily. It is convenient to work, but not very hard. Not very optimal as a tool ("Otzi the Iceman" had a copper axe with him). Only through the addition of tin is the more useful bronze obtained. Its zinc alloy is the versatile and widely used brass. Copper is one of the coinage metals. Water pipes are commonly made of copper. Its very good thermal and electrical conductivity is commonly exploited (cable ), as well as its durability (roofs, gutters), as the verdigris (basic copper carbonate) protects the metal. Cu phthalocyanines are the most beautiful blue pigments. Seems to be essential to all life as a trace element. In some molluscs, Cu replaces Fe in the heme complex. A 70-kg human contains 72 mg. 

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