Carbon dioxide continued

III. MOLECULAR ORBITAL DRAWINGS Carbon Dioxide (Continued)... 

If global warming raises the temperature of surface waters and carbon dioxide continues to build up in the atmosphere, the carbon dioxide is less soluble in warmer water. The dissolved carbon dioxide can easily move back into the atmosphere unless it is taken up by marine plants or combines with a molecule of carbonate. But, the ocean s supply of carbonate is limited and is replenished only slowly as it is washed into the oceans by rivers that erode carbonate-containing rocks such as limestone. By absorbing two billion tons of carbon from the atmosphere each year, the ocean is depleting its buffer carbonate supply. 

There are many factors that influence the outcome of enzymatic reactions in carbon dioxide. These include enzyme activity, enzyme stability, temperature, pH, pressure, diffusional limitations of a two-phase heterogeneous mixture, solubility of enzyme and/or substrates, water content of the reaction system, and flow rate of carbon dioxide (continuous and semibatch reactions). It is important to understand the aspects that control and limit biocatalysis in carbon dioxide if one wants to improve upon the process. This chapter serves as a brief introduction to enzyme chemistry in carbon dioxide. The advantages and disadvantages of running reactions in this medium, as well as the factors that influence reactions, are all presented. Many of the reactions studied in this area are summarized in a manner that is easy to read and referenced in Table 6.1. 

The reversibility of this reaction was discovered by Deville 3 in 1864. and its study receives renewed interest in view of recent developments in the theory of the combustion of carbon in oxygen to which reference has already been made (see p. 71). By circulating carbon dioxide continuously over purified wood charcoal packed in a porcelain tube heated to a high temperature, and subsequently analysing the gas when equilibrium had been reached, Rhead and Wheeler4 obtained the following results ... 

Carbon dioxide continues to accumulate at the bottoms of both lakes. An international team of scientists is developing a plan to release this carbon dioxide by controlled degassing. They plan to insert long pipes deep into both lakes and suck up some of the dense bottom water. This will create a pressure difference and cause a fountain of gas-rich water to jet from the pipes. 

Ferment in unit Fermenter 1. The yield oftPA-CHO Cells in die Solid phase is 0.1S3, of Endotoxin in die Liqnid phase is 0.0001, of tPA in the Liquid phase is 0.0001, of WATER in dK Liquid phase is 0.847, of Media in die Liquid phase is 0, ofMedia in the Solid phase is 0 and oftPA-C310 Cells in die Liquid phase is 0. The fermentnii time is 5 day. Continuously add 0.02 kg of CARBON-DIOXIDE. Continuously add 0.3 kg of AIR. 

If the carbon dioxide continues to be bubbled through, the calcium carbonate eventually redissolves to form a clear solution of calcium hydrogencarbonate ... 

Figure 8. Examples of three groups of carbon dioxide soluble stabilizers (homopolymers, block copolymers, comb-like graft copolymers) used in dispersion polymerizations in carbon dioxide. They consistof lipophilic and carbon dixoide-philie groups. Lipohilic groups function as anchors by attaching to the growing polymer particles, while their carbon dioxide-liking segments extend into the carbon dioxide continuous phase providing the stability.

---