Carbon rich waste

Nitrogen-rich waste C/N ratio Carbon-rich waste C/N ratio... 

Guo, L., T.J. Bicki, and T.D. Hinesly (1991b). Effect of carbon-rich waste materials on movement and sorption of atrazine in a sandy, coarse-textured soil. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 10 1273-1282. 

The use of waste materials as feedstocks for PHA biosynthesis constitutes a viable strategy for cost-efficient biopolymer production and supports various agro-industrial branches to overcome existing waste disposal problems. The subsequent Table 7.2 provides a compilation of selected carbon-rich waste streams that are reported to be potential feedstocks for microbial PHA production. Such carbon substrates that are of importance for human nutrition, like pure starch or edible oils from olives, soya or palm trees, are not included in this compilation. 

Table 7.2 Available carbon-rich waste streams for PHA production.

Carbon rich waste stream Occurrence Main convertible carbon source after upstream processing Microbial production strain References... 

A review of the PHA production method with carbon-rich wastes provides promising economic promise for reduced environmental impacts with less land use and food crop use (Nikodinovic-Runic et al. 2013). 

Nikodinovic-Runic, J., Guzik, M., Kenny, S., Babu, R., Werker, A., and O Conner, K. (2013) Chapter four-carbon-rich wastes as feedstocks for biodegradable polymer (polyhydroxyalkanoate) production using bacteria. Advances in Applied Microbiology, 84 139-200. 

Samson, R. LeDuy, A. Improved performance of anaerobic digestion of Spirulina maxima algal biomass by addition of carbon-rich wastes. Biotechnol. Lett. 1983, 5, 677-682. 

Mining wastes and overburden. Estonian kukersite oil shales occur in limestone strata (Schmidt 1858, 1881), yielding a carbonate-rich spoil with significant potential for acid neutralisation. Other oil shales, for example, the siliceous Estonian Dictyo-nema shales, which contain only traces of carbonate compared with the kukersites, are associated with sulphides, such as pyrite, and may thus generate acidic leachate due to pyrite oxidation (Puura Pihlak 1998 Puura et al. 1999). 

Not all mine drainage or natural runoff from rock outcrops are acidic, even when extensive sulfide oxidation is present. Synthetic cyanide solutions, which are often used to extract gold and other metals from ores, can greatly increase the alkalinity of mining wastes and neutralize sulfuric acid (Craw et al., 1999). In other cases, the sulfuric acid is effectively neutralized by alkaline soils, limestones, dolostones, marbles, shams, or other carbonate-rich rocks (Pfeifer et al., 2004, 219 Razo et al., 2004 Lee, Lee and Lee, 2001, 491 Mendoza et al., 2006). Reactions between calcium carbonate and sulfuric acid may precipitate gypsum (CaS04 2H20). 

Demonstrate the feasibility of the superadiabatic partial oxidation concept as a basis for developing an innovative process for production of economically viable quantities of hydrogen through the thermal, noncatalytic decomposition of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in H2S-rich waste streams into hydrogen and elemental sulfur, without the input of additional energy (and no additional carbon dioxide [CO2] emissions). 

Clinker inhomogeneity Lower reactivity of ash, too short retention time at clinkering temperature, high ash content, lump coal for precalcining carbon-rich fly ash as a raw material, waste-derived fuels containing graphite (Sprung, 1985)... 

Synthetic Fuel Liquid fuel created from carbon-rich materials such as coal, natural gas, oil shale, biomass, or industrial waste. 

If the engine is fed a mixture containing more fuel than the stoichiometric anioiint, the mixture is said to be rich, and carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen are added to the combustion products. Because these two gases are fuels themselves, their presence in the exhaust signifies incomplete combustion and wasted energy. 

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