Carbon market data

Eor example, the Swiss system covers only 3 Mt of annual emissions, and the New Zealand scheme is expected to cover 62 Mt annually, as compared to the roughly 2,000 Mt annual emissions of the EU ETS (Carbon Market Data, 2009 Jotzo and Betz, 2009 Point Carbon, 2009a). 

Carbon Market Data, 2009, Swiss EPS Database [available at www.carbonmarketdata.com]. 

Other pigments are consumed in considerably smaller amounts. Moreover, the market data for these pigments are not as readily available as those for carbon blacks, titanium dioxide, and iron oxides. 

Hexcel. (2005). Continuous carbon fiber data, http //www.hexcelfi-bers.com/ Markets/Products/Continuous/ Productlist.htm... 

Molten carbonate fuel cells use a mixture of carbonates that are liquid at operating temperature—600°C to 650°C. MCFC, like SOFC, operates at a higher temperature than the PEMFC does it does not require a fuel reformer and it can be operated with a hydrogen-rich fuel. The MCFC s liquid electrolyte means more handling issues. It does not have the ability to be pressurized. The MCFC could serve a niche market of data centers and hospitals. FuelCell Energy has recently made a commercial offering of MCFCs. These fuel cells will probably not have the same market penetration potential as SOFCs and thus would likely have little or no impact as a transition strategy for H2 use. 

Of course, the primary use of chemical end-use data is in chemical market research. The chemical market researcher has to have a technical background to correlate data that has appeared in the literature or information that he has collected outside of the literature. To the technically trained man, the data on production of carbon bisulfide can be related to the consumption of sulfur in a consuming industry. Similarly, the production rates of viscose rayon can be directly related to the use of carbon bisulfide in the rayon industry. 

Silicon carbide has been manufactured commercially since 1891 and the current world market is about 500 000 tons. This material is dense and crystalline. It is only recently, however, that a porous form has been reported. These two forms can be regarded as the analogues of quartz (dense, crystalline silicon oxide) and silica gel (porous, amorphous silicon oxide). We were interested in the properties of the porous silicon carbide, and in particular its stability. It is not improbable that this be higher than that of silica in view of the four-fold coordination of carbon compared to the two—fold coordination of oxygen. Although data on the stabilities of dense forms are ayailable, the information is not necessarily relevant to the properties of porous forms. 

One of the first published attempts to get an indication of the nucleation performance of a silicone surfactant was the froth test [39,40,41]. In this test polyol and surfactant are stirred in a reproducible fashion and the resulting froth density as well as the time needed for the foam to collapse is measured. After some experience with industrial surfactants used in the market these products with known performance in industrial liquid carbon dioxide foaming were subjected to the froth test. No direct correlation could be found between the obtained data and the performance of the products on industrial machines (Figure 2.11). 

The aim of this book is to present the current state of the art of extracting natural products with near-critical solvents and to view the possibilities of further extensions of the technique. Relevant background theory is given but does not dominate the book. Carbon dioxide is the near-critical solvent used in most recent applications and inevitably receives prominence. In addition to general descriptions and reviews, the book contains three chapters by industrial practitioners who describe in detail the operation of their processes and discuss the market for their products. Sections on the design of the pressure vessels and pumps required in these processes and on the acquisition of the data required for design are included. The costing of the processes is also discussed. 

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