Carbon is special

Chapter 2 provides a summary of the chemical physics of organic semiconductor operation. It explains why carbon is so special and how its unique properties lend it to the formation of an unusual class of semiconductor materials. 

Chapter 3 explains the major classes of OFET materials which are in use, their properties, and some of the advantages and disadvantages of each system. It also discusses many of the parameters which go into material design and selection of semiconductors and doped organic conductors which can be used as electrodes. 

Modeling and device characterization is explained in chapter 6. The legacy strategy usually encountered in the literature, the IEEE standard method, and several emerging strategies for device characterization are presented. This section also discusses a number of non-ideal effects and builds a small signal device model which can be used for characterization and modeling purposes. Chapter 7 summarizes several application areas in which OFETs have been applied and shows the structure of the circuits used in many of these applications. 

The appendices provide some additional material which can provide a starting point for further research into OFETs. While some individual papers are referenced in the text, many review articles provide greater detail and more references for specific topics several review papers are listed in Appendix A. Appendix B provides detailed recipes for a transistor fabrication process flow. Mask layout and design is discussed in Appendix C. 

This chapter presents a simple introduction to the chemical physics of organic semiconductors, which is a rich and complicated topic. The hope is to develop some intuition which links chemical structure to optical properties and electronic behavior. A much more through discussion is presented is a number of chemical physics-oriented texts including [7] and [8]. 

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Activated carbon is specially treated to give a high adsorption capacity. The adsorption capacity is dependent upon surface area. Most of the available surface area lies within the internal pores of the carbon. One gram of carbon can have a surface area from 500-1500 m. Concentration gradients between the internal... 

Yes, Mr. Plex, carbon is special. It s everywhere in nature, and it forms more compounds than all the other elements combined. We all owe our lives to the carbon core of aging stars. ... 

Organic chemistry The words alone will make any premed student cringe. Why would anyone dedicate an entire year in college toward this one topic Simply because carbon is special ... 

Why is carbon so special Why does it merit an entire chapter of its own Carbon is special because of the millions of compounds that it can form. Some of these compounds are naturally occurring others are prepared synthetically. The chart below contains the names of some natural and synthetic compounds. Notice how many of these compounds support life as we know it. 

A simple way of building nanotubes is the use of elements that are able to adopt a planar, layered structure. In this context, carbon is special due to its different possible hybridizations. Both two- and three-dimensional networks, such as graphene and diamond, can be built by the same element. Therefore, it has been a challenge for theoreticians and experimentalists to search for other nanotubular structures built up from just one element. Silicon has been a natural candidate since it belongs to the same main group as carbon. The stability of silicon nanotubes has been predicted theoreti-cally. However, an experimental observation or synthesis has not been achieved to date. 

The molten carbonate fuel ceU uses eutectic blends of Hthium and potassium carbonates as the electrolyte. A special grade of Hthium carbonate is used in treatment of affective mental (mood) disorders, including clinical depression and bipolar disorders. Lithium has also been evaluated in treatment of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorders, alcoholism, and periodic aggressive behavior (56). 

Synthetic manganese carbonate is made from a water-soluble Mn (IT) salt, usually the sulfate, by precipitation with an alkafl or ammonium carbonate. The desired degree of product purity determines the quaUty of manganese sulfate and the form of carbonate to be used. For electronic-grade material, where the content of K O and Na20 cannot exceed 0.1% each, the MnSO is specially prepared from manganese metal, and ammonium bicarbonate is used (26) (see Electronic materials). After precipitation, the MnCO is filtered, washed free of excess carbonate, and then, to avoid undesirable oxidation by O2, dried carefljlly at a maximum temperature of 120°C. 

Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell This type of fuel cell was developed in response to the industiy s desire to expand the natural-gas market. The electrolyte is 93 to 98 percent phosphoric acid contained in a matrix of silicon carbide. The electrodes consist of finely divided platinum or platinum alloys supported on carbon black and bonded with PTFE latex. The latter provides enough hydrophobicity to the electrodes to prevent flooding of the structure by the electrolyte. The carbon support of the air elec trode is specially formulated for oxidation resistance at 473 K (392°F) in air and positive potentials. 

Activated carbon is an amorphous solid with a large internal surface area/pore strucmre that adsorbs molecules from both the liquid and gas phase [11]. It has been manufactured from a number of raw materials mcluding wood, coconut shell, and coal [11,12]. Specific processes have been developed to produce activated carbon in powdered, granular, and specially shaped (pellet) forms. The key to development of activated carbon products has been the selection of the manufacturing process, raw material, and an understanding of the basic adsorption process to tailor the product to a specific adsorption application. 

Activated carbon is also available in special forms such as a cloth and fibres. Activated Charcoal Cloth (ACC) represents a family of activated carbons in cloth form. These products are fundamentally unique in several important ways compared with the traditional forms of activated carbon and with other filtration media that incorporate small particles of activated carbon. Developed in the early 1970 s ACC products are... 

Myrite. An expl contg a mixt of nitrogen dioxide and carbon bisulfide. Its sensitivity to mechanical influences, brisance, rate of deton, and other expl characteristics were detd at PicArsn in 1940. In view of the fact that it is specially sensitive to rifle bullet impact, and has a rate of deton and brisance considerably lower than TNT, it was concluded that Myrite is not suitable for use as a military expl Ref C.J. Bain, Investigation of the Explosive Myrite , PATR 1030(1940)... 

Carbon is central to life and natural intelligence. Silicon and germanium are central to electronic technology and artificial intelligence (Fig. 14.28). The unique properties of Group 14/IV elements make both types of intelligence possible. The half-filled valence shell of these elements gives them special properties that straddle... 

Activation methods can be divided into two groups. Activation by addition of selected metals (a few wt%), mainly transition metals, e.g., fine powders of Fe, Ni, Co, Cr, Pt, Pd, etc. ", or chlorides of these metals when these are reducible to the metal by hydrogen during presintering. The mechanism of activation is not understood (surface tension, surface diffusion, etc.) but is related to the electronic structure of the metal additive. Activation by carbon is also effective. Alternatively, activation utilizes powders in a specially activated state, e.g., very fine (submicronic) powders. ... 

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