Carbon dioxide INDEX

Except as an index of respiration, carbon dioxide is seldom considered in fermentations but plays important roles. Its participation in carbonate equilibria affects pH removal of carbon dioxide by photosynthesis can force the pH above 10 in dense, well-illuminated algal cultures. Several biochemical reactions involve carbon dioxide, so their kinetics and equilibrium concentrations are dependent on gas concentrations, and metabolic rates of associated reactions may also change. Attempts to increase oxygen transfer rates by elevating pressure to get more driving force sometimes encounter poor process performance that might oe attributed to excessive dissolved carbon dioxide. 

A useful index of process performance is the oxygen uptake rate, OUR, that is calculated from the difference in oxygen concentration of the inlet air and the exiting gas. Also important is the respiration ratio defined as the carbon dioxide evolved divided by the oxygen consumed. 

The effect of pH on the corrosion of zinc has already been mentioned (p. 4.170). In the range of pH values from 5 -5 to 12, zinc is quite stable, and since most natural waters come within this range little difficulty is encountered in respect of pH. The pH does, however, affect the scale-forming properties of hard water (see Section 2.3 for a discussion of the Langelier index). If the pH is below the value at which the water is in equilibrium with calcium carbonate, the calcium carbonate will tend to dissolve rather than form a scale. The same effect is produced in the presence of considerable amounts of carbon dioxide, which also favours the dissolution of calcium carbonate. In addition, it is important to note that small amounts of metallic impurities (particularly copper) in the water can cause quite severe corrosion, and as little as 0-05 p.p.m. of copper in a domestic water system can be a source of considerable trouble with galvanised tanks and pipes. 

This series, either as the free alkyls or their ether complexes, is extremely reactive, igniting in air or carbon dioxide and reacting violently or explosively with alcohols, ammonia or water. Individually indexed compounds are ... 

The generally acidic materials in this group may function as oxidants, some rather powerful, under appropriate conditions. Individually indexed compounds are Arsenic pentaoxide, 0106 Arsenic trioxide, 0105 Boron trioxide, 0170 Carbon dioxide, 0557 f Carbon monoxide, 0555... 

Carbon Dioxide Fixation Catalyzed by Metals Complexes Koji Tanaka INDEX... 

White orthorhombic crystals refractive index 1.518 hygroscopic hardness 3.5 Mohs density 3.5 g/cm insoluble in water soluble in dilute acids with hb-eration of carbon dioxide. 

Fig. 5. Global average surface temperature trend 1850-2000. Scale on y-axis (°C) is indexed to 1970 global average surface temperature. (Adapted from Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center 2000.)...

Biaxially oriented PPS film is transparent and nearly colorless. It has low permeability to water vapor, carbon dioxide, and oxygen. PPS film has a low coefficient of hygroscopic expansion and a low dissipation factor, making it a candidate material for information storage devices and for thin-film capacitors. Chemical and thermal stability of PPS film derives from inherent resin properties. PPS films exposed to toluene or chloroform for 8 weeks retain 75% of their original strength. The UL temperature index rating of PPS film is 160°C for mechanical applications and 180°C for electrical applications. Table 9 summarizes the properties of PPS film. 

Pannell and coworkers34 described the use of poly(ferrocenylsilanes) as coatings in optical fiber gas sensors. In these devices a small change in refractive index of the polymer film results in a large change in the optical transmission of a tapered optical fiber. This is useful for remote sensing of ammonia or carbon dioxide. Polymers of type 6.20 with R/R = Me/Ph and copolymers from monomers with R/R = Me/Ph and Me/Me were found to be effective for this application. 

McElwain JC, Chaloner WG (1995) Stomatal density and index of fossil plants track atmospheric carbon dioxide... 

McElwain JC, Mitchell FJG, Jones MB (1995) Relationship of stomatal density and index of Salix cinerea to atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations in the Holocene. The Holocene 5 216-219 McElwain JC, Wade-Murphy J, Hesselbo SP (2005) Changes in carbon dioxide during an oceanic anoxic event linked to intrusion into Gondwana coals. Nature 435 479-482 Meyer HW (1992) Lapse rates and other variables applied to estimating paleoaltitudes from fossil floras. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 99 71-99... 

Index Entries Pilot development unit scale dilute-acid hydrolysate fed-batch fermentation feed rate carbon dioxide evolution rate. 

The Kamlet-Taft u polarity/polarizability scale is based on a linear solvation energy relationship between the n it transition energy of the solute and the solvent polarity ( 1). The Onsager reaction field theory (11) is applicable to this type of relationship for nonpolar solvents, and successful correlations have previously been demonstrated using conventional liquid solvents ( 7 ). The Onsager theory attempts to describe the interactions between a polar solute molecule and the polarizable solvent in the cybotatic region. The theory predicts that the stabilization of the solute should be proportional to the polarizability of the solvent, which can be estimated from the index of refraction. Since carbon dioxide is a nonpolar fluid it would be expected that a linear relationship... 

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