INDEX carbon bond formation

The earliest scheme was that of Theilheimer, which was used to index his annual collection of published reactions. He designated four types of reaction change with special symbols addition, rearrangement, exchange, and elimination, with the (main) bond formed indicated before the symbol and that broken after it thus the formation of a carbon-carbon bond from a halide would be represented by CC 11 CX. 

In catalytic biomass cmiversion, the dehydration of polyol moieties is a key reaction, forming either an olefin bond, an ether, or a carbonyl group (after tautomerization). This type of reactimi usually requires the aid of acid catalysis. Both Br0nsted and Lewis acids are known to catalyze dehydration. The most famous dehydration in the context of biomass conversion is the formation of HMF from six-carbon sugars. As can be seen in Fig. 12, HMF from fructose (or glucose) preserves the F.C value of 1.17, while the FI index falls from 2 to 1. Similarly, pentoses lead to furfural in aqueous media under acid catalysis. The catalytic formation of HMF and furfural from hexoses and pentoses, respectively, and HMF production directly from cellulose, have been reported frequently over... 

Figure 16.1. The energy level of carbon monoxide molecules, and the formation of metal-carbon monoxide bonding [449]. (Reprinted from Grgur BN, Markovic NM, Lucas CA, Ross PN. Electrochemical oxidation of carbon monoxide from platinum single crystals to low temperature fuel cells catalysis. Part 1 carbon monoxide oxidation onto low index platinum single crystals. J Serb Chem Soc 2001 66 785-97. With permission from the Serbian Chemical Society.)...

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