Carbon dioxide foils

Ru electrodes were prepared as previously described by plating Ru metal onto spectroscopic carbon rods, except for the electrode used for Auger analysis (before and after carbon dioxide reduction) which was plated on Ti (2.). Cu electrodes were prepared from Cu foil as previously described (Kim, J. J. Summers, D. P. Frese, K. W., Jr. J. Electroanal- Chem. in press.). Each entry in the tables and figures was obtained on different days with the electrode kept in ordinary laboratory air overnight between runs. 

Fig. 1. (A) 0(ls) spectra for gold exposed to carbon dioxide at 85 K (a) clean Au (b), (c), and (d) after exposure to CO2. (B) Au(4f) and Hg(4f) spectra after exposure of gold foil to mercury vapor at 290 K. The mercury and gold peaks are well separated and in contrast to Auger spectra which overlap.

In a 1-1. three-necked round-bottomed flask, wrapped with aluminum foil to exclude light, and equipped with a mechanical stirrer, a reflux condenser, and an addition funnel, is suspended 37 g. (0.17 mole) of red mercuric oxide (Note 1) in 330 ml. of carbon tetrachloride (Note 2). To the flask is added 30.0 g. (0.22 mole) of 3-chlorocyclobutaneearboxylic acid (Note 3), and the mixture is heated to reflux while stirring. To the mixture is added dropwise a solution of 40 g. (0.25 mole) of bromine in 180 ml. of carbon tetrachloride as fast as possible (4-7 minutes) without loss of bromine from the condenser (Note 4). After a short induction period, carbon dioxide is evolved at a rate of 150-200 bubbles per minute (Note 5). The solution is allowed to reflux until the rate of carbon dioxide evolution slows to about 5 bubbles per minute. This will usually take 25-30 minutes (Note 6). The mixture is then cooled in an ice bath, and the precipitate is removed by filtration. The residue on the funnel is washed with carbon tetrachloride, and the filtrates are combined. The solvent is removed by distillation using a modified Claisen distillation apparatus with a 6-cm. Vigreux column, and vacuum distillation of the residual oil gives 13-17 g. (35-46%) of... 

Ruthenium complexes with mixed bipyridyl ligands, immobilized inside a Nation film, may also be used as pH-sensitive sensor layers [90]. A completely different approach for a ratiometric imaging of pH sensor foils was developed for diagenetic studies of marine sediments, using the dual fluorescence excitation ratio of the pH-sensitive fluorophore 8-hydroxypyrene-l,3,6-trisulfonic acid (HPTS) [91]. Commonly used dual fluorophors with different absorption and emission maxima in the protonated and basic form for ratiometric measurements are the naphthofluorescein and seminaphthofluorescein derivates (SNARF and SNAFL) [92], It should be noted that ammonia or carbon dioxide can also be detected by some of these pH-sensitive materials [55,93]. 

Ammonia is oxidised to oxides of nitrogen by means of oxygen in the presence of palladium foil heated to redness1 and, as has already been pointed out, palladium foil saturated with hydrogen effects the reduction of ferric salts, chlorine water, iodine water, etc., to ferrous salts, hydrochloric acid, and hydriodic acid respectively. Hydrocarbons are oxidised to carbon dioxide and water when passed with air over palladium wire heated to redness. In the absence of air they are decomposed, yielding a deposit of carbon. After a time the palladium becomes brittle, and its surface, seen through a lens, resembles coke.2... 

Caution Protect the solution from absorption of carbon dioxide and moisture by covering the titration vessel with aluminum foil while dissolving the benzoic acid sample and during the titration. 

J)) Mix equal small quantities of potassium carbonate, potassium nitrate, and powdered chrome alum, place the mixture on a platinum foil, and hold it with the forceps in the upper Bunsen flame so that the mixture will fuse. If a platinum foil is not available, use a porcelain crucible. A yellow mass, due to the presence of potassium chromate, results. If the color is not decided, dissolve the mass in water, add acetic acid, slowly at first, and boil to expel the carbon dioxide. Add a few drops of lead nitrate solution to a portion, and yellow lead chromate is precipitated. (Compare Exp. 177 (e).) If the precipitate is white, it is lead carbonate, and shows that not all the potassium carbonate was decomposed, as intended. 

Abstract. Measurements of the 25i/2 2Pi/2 and 2Si/2 2P3/2 transitions in moderate Z hydrogen-like ions can test Quantum-Electrodynamic calculations relevant to the interpretation of high-precision spectroscopy of atomic hydrogen. There is now particular interest in testing calculations of the two-loop self-energy. Experimental conditions are favorable for a measurement of the 25i/2 2P3/2 transition in using a carbon dioxide laser. As a preliminary experiment, we have observed the 2S1/2 2P3/2 transition in using a 2.5 MeV/amu foil-stripped ion beam and a continuous-wave... 

A method of chemically synthesizing reduced products including methanol from carbon dioxide and hydrogen has been developed. The method utilizes a metal hydride foil membrane as a continuous source of reactive surface hydrogen atoms and an electrostatic field to enhance the adsorption of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate onto the hydrogen rich surface. The subsequent chemical(rather than electrochemical) reaction between the adsorbed carbon dioxide and surface hydrogen/metal hydride results in the formation of reduced products. 

Figure 1. (a) Cell arrangement for metal hydride hydrogen insertion reaction. Left side, acid reduction and hydrogen atom incorporation in palladium (Pd) foil membrane. Right side, electrostatic field for enhancement of carbon dioxide/bicarbonate adsorption on foil membrane, (b.) Blow-up of palladium/hydride foil showing hydrogen insertion into carbon dioxide. 

Note that although many films, laminates, etc. may have a 100% effective seal, the materials employed may be permeable to moisture, oxygen, carbon dioxide, etc. This property can be either a disadvantage or an advantage, e.g. plastic film overwrap can permit sufficient moisture permeability to cause a product to reach its critical (unacceptable) moisture level. Hence a laminate (without a foil ply) is not a hermetic pack. 

The whole apparatus is immersed up to n in a bath of constant temperature ice or carbon dioxide snow is usually employed for the purpose. The temperature of the upper copper block is thus maintained constant. Since there are difficulties in making the joints tight, the whole of the apparatus is encased watertight by a sheath of thin copper foil suitably soldered this is shown dotted in the figure. 

In a carbon dioxide-free dry-box, 200.0 g. (8.35 mols) of anhydrous lithium hydroxide is placed in a nickel trough, 12 in. long, in. in diameter, in. thick, lined with silver foil 16 in. long, 6 in. wide, and 0.002 in. thick. The trough is placed in a tube furnace (Fig. 2). The furnace is heated to 675° 10° and maintained at this temperature by a temperature controller. The open end of the furnace is closed with a rubber stopper connected with a glass tube and rubber tubing to a Dry Ice-acetone trap, which is directed to a vacuum pump. The pressure is maintained at about 0.5 in. The process is allowed to proceed for half an hour at the temperature indicated, after which... 

While the reaction in the beaker is actively producing carbon dioxide gas, carefully pour the gas, but not the liquid, out of the beaker and into the top of the foil tube. Record your observations. 

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