Blood carbon dioxide

Oxygen, Sulfide, and Carbon Dioxide Blood vessels... 

Probably an example and problems derived from the carbon dioxide-blood buffer system in humans should be in every physical chemistry course. What a rich, complex example this is from Henry s law for the solubility of carbon dioxide in water (blood) to buffer capacity, that is, the rate of change of the law of mass action with proton concentration. The example can be expanded to include nonideal solutions and activities. How many physical chemistry courses use this wonderful and terribly relevant to life example First-year medical students learn this material. 

Perfluorinated compounds are also potentially useful as inert reaction media, particularly when one of the reactants is gaseous. The high solubiHty of oxygen and carbon dioxide in perfluorinated Hquids has allowed their use as blood substitutes (41) and as oxygenation media for biotechnology (42). One product, Fluosol DA (43) (Green Cross Corp.), has been commercialized, and there is an abundant patent art in this area (see Blood, artificial). 

Each component of blood has a function ia the body. Red cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and cells ia the tissues. White cells function as defense of the body. Platelets are important for hemostasis, ie, the maintenance of vascular iategrity. Plasma, an aqueous solution containing various proteias and fatty acids, transports cells, food, and hormones throughout the body. Some proteias ia plasma play a role ia clotting, others are messengers between cells. 

Red Blood Cells. Red blood cells (RBC) transport and deUver oxygen and carbon dioxide between the tissues and lungs. Red blood cell transfusions iacrease the oxygen carrying capacity ia anemic patieats. 

Carbon dioxide gas is used to immobilize animals prior to slaughtering them (46). In addition to providing a humane slaughtering technique, this results in better quaHty meat. The CO2 increases the animal s blood pressure, thereby increasing blood recovery. The increased accuracy obtainable in the killing operation reduces meat losses because of cut shoulders. 

Lung function Relating to the transfer of oxygen from air into the blood and the disposal of carbon dioxide from the blood to the air. 

Gaseous carbon dioxide from the lungs and tissues is dissolved in the blood plasma, symbolized as C09(d), and hydrated to form H2CO3 ... 

Carbon dioxide has an effect on Og binding by Hb that is similar to that of partly because it produces when it dissolves in the blood carbonic anhydrase ... 

A surgical implant is constantly bathed in extracellular tissue fluid. Basically water, this fluid contains electrolytes, complex compounds, oxygen and carbon dioxide. Electrolytes present in the largest amounts are sodium (Na ) and chloride (Cl ) ions. Most of the fluids existing in the body (such as blood, plasma and lymph) have a chloride content (and pH) somewhat similar to that of sea water (about 5 to 20g/l and pH about 8) . 

Hematopoietic (blood) cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, contribute to host immunity, and facilitate blood clotting [1], A complex, interrelated, and multistep process, called hematopoiesis, controls the production as well as the development of specific marrow cells from immature precursor cells to functional mature blood cells. This well-regulated process also allows for replacement of cells lost through daily physiologic activities. The proliferation of precursor cells, the maturation of these into mature cells, and the survival of hematopoietic cells require the presence of specific growth factors. 

Gal-Or and Hoelscher (G5) have recently developed a fast and simple transient-response method for the measurement of concentration and volumetric mass-transfer coefficients in gas-liquid dispersions. The method involves the use of a transient response to a step change in the composition of the feed gas. The resulting change in the composition of the liquid phase of the dispersion is measured by means of a Clark electrode, which permits the rapid and accurate analysis of oxygen or carbon dioxide concentrations in a gas, in blood, or in any liquid mixture. 

Carbon dioxide devices were originally developed by Severinghaus and Bradley (59) to measure the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in blood. This electrode, still in use today (in various automated systems for blood gas analysis), consists of an ordinary glass pH electrode covered by a carbon dioxide membrane, usually silicone, with an electrolyte (sodium bicarbonate-sodium chloride) solution entrapped between them (Figure 6-17). When carbon dioxide from the outer sample diffuses through the semipermeable membrane, it lowers the pH of the inner solution ... 

A Nemstian response of 59 mV per decade change in concentration is commonly observed (at 25°C). Relation to the partial pressure carbon dioxide is accomplished by the use of Henry s law. A catheter sensor configuration has been developed for in-vivo monitoring of blood carbon dioxide (61). 

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