Carbon dioxide biomass

Biodegradable packaging waste shall be of such a nature that it is capable of undergoing physical, chemical, thermal or biological decomposition sirch that most of the finished compost ultimatefy decomposes into carbon dioxide, biomass and water. 

Ciftci, O. N., and F. Temelli. 2013. Continuous Biocatalytic Conversion of the Oil of Com Distiller s Dried Grains with Solubles to Fatty Acid Methyl Esters in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Biomass and Bioenergy 54 (0) 140-146. 

When the microorganisms attack the polymer, enzymatic processes such as Krebs cycle increase, which generates water, carbon dioxide, biomass, and other by-products after decomposition. By this method, non-biodegradable materials are converted into nontoxic compounds (Fig. 17.1) (Buchanan etal., 1993a). 

In photosynthesis, nature recycles carbon dioxide and water, using the energy of sunlight, into carbohydrates and thus new plant life. The subsequent formation of fossil fuels from the biomass, however, takes... 

With all components in the ideal gas state, the standard enthalpy of the process is exothermic by —165 kJ (—39.4 kcal) per mole of methane formed. Biomass can serve as the original source of hydrogen, which then effectively acts as an energy carrier from the biomass to carbon dioxide, to produce substitute (or synthetic) natural gas (SNG) (see Euels, synthetic). 

Significant differences in net photosynthetic assimilation of carbon dioxide are apparent between C, C, and CAM biomass species. One of the principal reasons for the generally lower yields of C biomass is its higher rate of photorespiration if the photorespiration rate could be reduced, the net yield of biomass would increase. Considerable research is in progress (ca 1992) to achieve this rate reduction by chemical and genetic methods, but as yet, only limited yield improvements have been made. Such an achievement with C biomass would be expected to be very beneficial for foodstuff production and biomass energy appHcations. 

Climate and Environmental Factors. The biomass species selected for energy appHcations and the climate must be compatible to faciUtate operation of fuel farms. The three primary climatic parameters that have the most influence on the productivity of an iadigenous or transplanted species are iasolation, rainfall, and temperature. Natural fluctuations ia these factors remove them from human control, but the information compiled over the years ia meteorological records and from agricultural practice suppHes a valuable data bank from which to develop biomass energy appHcations. Ambient carbon dioxide concentration and the availabiHty of nutrients are also important factors ia biomass production. 

The effect of temperature fluctuations on net carbon dioxide uptake is ikustrated by the curves in Figure 18. As the temperature increases, net photosynthesis increases for cotton and sorghum to a maximum value and then rapidly declines. Ideally, the biomass species grown in an area should have a maximum rate of net photosynthesis as close as possible to the average temperature during the growing season in that area. 

For some high growth-rate biomass species, the carbon dioxide concentration in the air among the leaves of the plant often is considerably less than that in the surrounding atmosphere. Photosynthesis may be limited by the carbon dioxide concentrations under these conditions when wind velocities are low and insolation is high. 

Temperature, pH, and feed rate are often measured and controlled. Dissolved oxygen (DO) can be controlled using aeration, agitation, pressure, and/or feed rate. Oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide formation can be measured in the outgoing air to provide insight into the metaboHc status of the microorganism. No rehable on-line measurement exists for biomass, substrate, or products. Most optimization is based on empirical methods simulation of quantitative models may provide more efficient optimization of fermentation. 

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