Carbon Chloroform

Microbial biomass carbon Chloroform fumigation incubation Indicates soil microbial population various methodologies controls nutrient cycling and biological transformation necessary for soil aggregation dependent upon organic inputs Rice et al. (1996)... 

Pyridol, Pyrrolidine, Formaldehyde, Pyridine, Dimethylcarbamoyl chloride. Sodium carbonate. Chloroform, Sodium sulfate. Sodium sulfate, Tetrahydrofuran, fl,fl -Dibromo-4,4 -biacetophenone, Ethanol, Charcoal, Ethyl ether Ethyl alcohol, 3-Dimethylcarbomoxydunethylanaline, Dibromo-4,4 -biacetophenone, Charcoal, Ethyl acetate Bleach, Ammonia... 

Carbamates can also be prepared by treating support-bound amines with alkoxycarbonylating reagents such as chloroformates or aryl carbonates. Chloroformates or dicarbonates (e.g. Boc20) should not be used in large excess for the alkoxycarbonyla-tion of primary amines because double derivatization can occur [119]. Less reactive reagents include 4-nitrophenyl carbonates and A-succinimidyl carbonates (Entries 2 and 3, Table 14.8). 

Brazos River water contains a relatively high concentration of total organic carbon (TOC) in the summer. Some of this carbon is removed in the floe as indicated by both the CCE (Carbon Chloroform Extract) and TOC. 

In the early 1960s, over 19,000 municipal water systems had been identified. These systems drew surface waters for treatment into drinking water. At this time, however, federal water pollution control efforts revealed that chemical and industrial wastes had polluted many surface waterways. Thus, the 1962 standards provided the addition of more recommended maximum limiting concentrations for various substances such alkyl benzene sulfonate, barium, cadmium, carbon-chloroform extract, cyanide, nitrate, and silver. 

Figure 4. Comparison of observed solvation times to predictions of the SC and DMSA theories. The points show the comparison between the DMSA theoiy for an ionic solute with polar aptotic solvents denoted by circles and associated solvents by squares. For clarity, the SC and DMSAd comparisons are only shown as the linear fits to the log-log data with the SC predictions being the lower dashed line and the DMSAd the uiqjer dashed line. The solvents represented here are, in order of increasing fj, acetonitrile, acetone, tetrahydrofiiran, dimethyl-formamide, dimethylsulfoxide, propylm carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, chloroform, and benzonitrile (circles) and water [16], formamide, methanol, ethylene glycol, ethanol, 1-propanol, l-pentanol, and 1-decanol (squares).

The 43 g. of basic mixture remaining after removal of the buphanamine was dissolved in 500 ml. of chloroform and shaken with 500 ml. of N hydrochloric acid. The chloroform layer was washed twice with water, and the aqueous solution was washed with chloroform. The combined aqueous solutions were neutralized carefully with concentrated sodium hydroxide (ice cooling) and made alkaline with excess potassium carbonate. Chloroform extraction of the basic solution gave 13.0 g. of free bases which formed water-soluble hydrochlorides. 

Aqueous cationic micelles speed and anionic micelles inhibit bi-molecular reactions of anionic nucleophiles. Both cationic and anionic micelles speed reactions of nonionic nucleophiles. Second-order rate constants in the micelles can be calculated by estimating the concentration of each reactant in the micelles, which are treated as a distinct reaction medium, that is, as a pseudophase. These second-order rate constants are similar to those in water except for aromatic nucleophilic substitution by azide ion, which is much faster than predicted. Ionic micelles generally inhibit spontaneous hydrolyses. But a charge effect also occurs, and for hydrolyses of anhydrides, diaryl carbonates, chloroformates, and acyl and sulfonyl chlorides and SN hydrolyses, reactions are faster in cationic than in anionic micelles if bond making is dominant. This behavior is also observed in water addition to carbocations. If bond breaking is dominant, the reaction is faster in anionic micelles. Zwitterionic sulfobetaine and cationic micelles behave similarly. 

As natural causes—aquatic plant and animal life—contribute organic substances, it follows that all waters can contain some extractables. In clean waters the carbon-chloroform extractables will often be less than 50, or even 25, parts per billion. In contrast, waters polluted with industrial waste may contain extractables in the hundreds or even thousands of parts per billion. The carbon-adsorption technique can be used to monitor the quality of drinking water supplies thus, water with less than 50 parts per billion of extractables can be presumed to be clean. The U.S. Public Health Service 1961 Drinking Water Standards actually call for a recommended limit of 200 ppb of carbon-chloroform extractables. 71... 

The large difference between the optimum dose of CI2 determined in this study and that reported by Robeck et al. 21) may result from the amount of CI2 consumed in oxidizing formulating solvents, plus the chlorine demand of the river water which was characterized by a chemical oxygen demand of 5-35 mg/liter and a carbon-chloroform extract of 185-1320 /xg/liter. 

When the simplest compounds of this element are considered (marsh gas, methyl chloride, chloride of carbon, chloroform, carbonic acid, phosgene, sulphide of carbon, hydrocyanic acid, etc.) it is seen that the quantity of carbon which chemists have recognised as the smallest possible, that is, as an atom, always unites with 4 atoms of a monatomic or with 2 atoms of a diatomic element that in general the sum of the chemical units of the elements united with one atom of carbon is 4. This leads us to the view that carbon is tetratomic or tetrabasic vieratomig oder vierbasisch). 

Isothiocyanates are readily made by reaction of a primary aromatic amine with carbon disulfide/triethylamine followed by ethyl chloroformate/triethylamine and by treatment of the amine either with thiophos-gene, calcium carbonate, chloroform, water [138, 139] or with carbon disulfide, N,N -dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, pyridine [140, 141],... 

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