Carbon binary system

A large number of thermodynamic studies of binary systems were undertaken to find and determine eventual intermolecular associations for thiazole Meyer et al. (303, 304) discovered eutectic mixtures for the following systems -thiazole/cyclohexane at -38.4°C, Wt = 0.815 -thiazole/carbon tetrachloride at -60.8°C, Mt = 0.46 -thiazole/benzene at -48.5°C, nr = 0.70. 

Carbon disulfide is completely miscible with many hydrocarbons, alcohols, and chlorinated hydrocarbons (9,13). Phosphoms (14) and sulfur are very soluble in carbon disulfide. Sulfur reaches a maximum solubiUty of 63% S at the 60°C atmospheric boiling point of the solution (15). SolubiUty data for carbon disulfide in Hquid sulfur at a CS2 partial pressure of 101 kPa (1 atm) and a phase diagram for the sulfur—carbon disulfide system have been published (16). Vapor—Hquid equiHbrium and freezing point data ate available for several binary mixtures containing carbon disulfide (9). 

The need for better performing and secure anodic materials in lithium-ion batteries compared with those based on carbon, has boosted research in various domains. Lithium/post-transition element (Al, Si, Sn, Sb...) binary systems have been widely investigated. Owing to the numerous intermetallic compounds that... 

Lazzaroni, M.J., Bush, D., Brown, J.S. and Eckert, C.A. (2005) High-pressure vapor-liquid equilbria of some carbon dioxide plus organic binary systems. Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, 50 (1), 60-65. 

Chapter 12 - Spatial-energy criterion of structure stabilization was obtained. The computation results for a hundred binary systems correspond to the experimental data. The basic regularity of organic cyclic compound formation is given and its application for carbon nanostructures is shown. 

Although comparisons for the steam-methane system have been presented, similar trends were noted for the other binary systems previously published by Wormald, namely mixtures of steam with nitrogen, carbon dioxide, n-hexane, and benzene. 

Carbon Dioxide - Water System, The data of Wiebe and Gaddy (4, 5, 6) were used exclusively in this study to determine the interaction parameters for the carbon dioxide - water binary system. These data cover the temperature and pressure range from 12°C to 100°C and from 25 atm to 700 atm respectively. As with the HzS - H2O system, a constant interaction parameter has been obtained for the gaseous phase and the carbon dioxide - rich... 

Young, H.D. and Nelson, O.A. Binary system carbon tetrachloride-ethylene dichloride their boiling points and specific gravities as aids in analysis, Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal Ed., 4(l) 67-69, 1932. 

Pluto, with a diameter of 2300 km, has now been demoted from the smallest planet to one of the largest Kuiper belt objects. Pluto and its satellite Charon could be considered a binary system because they are closer in size than any other known celestial pair in the solar system and the barycenter of their orbits does not lie within either body. There are also two smaller moons, Nix and Hydra. All four bodies are likely KBOs with similar compositions. Pluto has a thin atmosphere containing N2, with minor CH4, CO, and Ar. Curiously, the face of Pluto oriented towards Charon contains more methane ice, and the opposite face contains more nitrogen and carbon monoxide ice. 

Phosphorus and sulphur are only sparingly soluble in the liquid, but sulphur monochloride is miscible.10 The binary systems formed by liquid sulphur dioxide with the tetrachlorides of carbon, tin and titanium, and with the tetrabromide of tin, have been investigated. The liquids are only partly miscible at lower temperatures and compound... 

In binary systems of a light gas and members of the n-alkane homologuous series in almost all cases type II phase behaviour is found for the lower members of the n-alkane series. With increasing carbon number type IV phase behaviour is found followed by type HI phase behaviour at high carbon numbers. Systems of CO2 + n-alkanes show type II phase behaviour for n-alkane carbon numbers 12, type IV phase behaviour for =13 and type HI phase behaviour for n S14 [11, 12]. This transition from type II to type HI phase behaviour via type IV phase behaviour seems to be the rule, allthough in most binary families type IV phase behaviour is only found at broken values of n in so-called quasi-binary systems [13, 14]. 

In Figure 2.2-8 the critical endpoint temperatures for the family 0f CO2 + n-alkanes systems are plotted as a function of the carbon number n. If in a particular binary system the three-phase curve hhg is followed to low temperature then at a certain temperature a solid phase is formed (solid n-alkane or solid C02 at low carbon numbers). This occurs at one unique temperature because we now have four phases in equilibrium in a binary system, so according to the phase rule F= 0. Below this so-called quadruple point temperature the hhg curve is metastable. 

Significantly, Balachandran, Lambert, Tomkin, and Parthasarathy (1986) have recently established that the spectrum of f3 Lyrae itself reveals the presence of CNO-cycle products. Its spectral type is too late for ready morphological detection of CNO anomalies in the blue-violet, but the quantitative analysis has shown that it is physically related to the BN binaries. Furthermore, Peters and Polidan (1984) have found evidence for extreme carbon deficiency in the high-temperature accreting material of a number of Algol-type binary systems. Hence it may be that not only are all OBN objects mass-transfer binaries, but many other mass-transfer binaries are related to the OBN category. 

Figure 1. Carbon abundance as a function of mass for both components of a close binary system at the onset of mass transfer. The region from Mx=0 to Mr=Mgi=8.1 Mo corresponds to the originally less massive component (gainer), whereas the carbon distribution of the loser is plotted from 8.1 Mo (surface) to 17.1 M (center). The first occurrence of hydrogen depleted layers (Xat<0.7) and the end of the Roche Lobe Overflow are indicated.

E. Peligot said that after being melted, the peroxide requires a much lower temp, for its solidification, for at —16° the compound remains liquid, and J. Fritzsche said that it can be re-solidified only at —30° because a little nitric acid has been formed, and this also accounts for the turbidity of the cooling liquid. For the fusion curve with nitric oxide, vide supra, nitrogen trioxide. P. Pascal studied the f.p. of binary systems of nitrogen peroxide with bromoform, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, bromobenzene, methyl iodide, chloropicrin, and camphor. 

H. Rebs, and H. Schulze said that the tetritatrisulphide is also formed by heating the so-called tetritasulphide to about 100°, in an indifferent gas E. Dervin, by heating the hemitrisulphide or the octitahenasulphide with carbon disulphide in a sealed tube at 200° and A. Besson, by the action of phosphine on thionyl, sulphuryl, or pyrosulphuryl chloride. H. Giran s curve, Fig. 52, gives an idea of the part played by this compound in the binary system P-S. 

The binary system which is easiest to describe is the so-called ideal binary system . As you can tell from the inverted commas, such a system does not really exist, but there are systems which come very close. In an ideal system the components in the S and L phase are completely miscible. In order to be so in the S phase, the substances need to be isomorphous, i.e. possess the same crystal structure. This is often accompanied by an analogous chemical structure. Some examples of these systems are silver (Ag) / gold (Au) and sodium nitrate (NaN03) / calcium carbonate (CaC03). 

Wiebe, R., "The Binary System Carbon Dioxide-Water Under Pressure," Chem. Rev., 1941,29, 475. 

Experimental results are presented for high pressure phase equilibria in the binary systems carbon dioxide - acetone and carbon dioxide - ethanol and the ternary system carbon dioxide - acetone - water at 313 and 333 K and pressures between 20 and 150 bar. A high pressure optical cell with external recirculation and sampling of all phases was used for the experimental measurements. The ternary system exhibits an extensive three-phase equilibrium region with an upper and lower critical solution pressure at both temperatures. A modified cubic equation of a state with a non-quadratic mixing rule was successfully used to model the experimental data. The phase equilibrium behavior of the system is favorable for extraction of acetone from dilute aqueous solutions using supercritical carbon dioxide. 

Figure 2. Phase equilibrium behavior for the binary system carbon dioxide - acetone. Experimental, 313 K (A) experimental, 333 K ( ) literature, 313 K (x) modified Peng-Robinson equation of state (—). Literature data are from reference (10).

The Patel-Teja equation of state Is able to correlate the data for the binary systems reasonably well provided a binary Interaction coefficient (kj.) is Included In the calculations. It Is Interesting to note that the binary Interaction coefficients obtained from correlation of data for the odd members of the series are an order of magnitude smaller than those obtained for the even members of the series and that they show regular behavior with carbon number. These differences are due to differences In... 

J. Vorholz et al., Vapor + liquid equilibrium of water, carbon dioxide, and the binary system, water + carbon dioxide, from molecular simulation. Fluid Phase Equilib. 170, 203 (2000)... 

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