Binary water system

Binary azeotropic systems are reported for all three derivatives (9). The solubiHties of benzyl chloride, benzal chloride, and ben zotricbl oride in water have been calculated by a method devised for compounds with significant hydrolysis rates (10). 

The use of UNIFAC for estimating activity coefficients in binary and multicomponent organic and organic—water systems is recommended for those systems composed of nonelectrolyte, nonpolymer substances for which only stmctural information is known. UNIFAC is not recommended for systems for which some reUable experimental data are available. The method, including revisions through 1987 (39), is available in commercial software packages such as AspenPlus (174). 

FIG. 13-58 (Continued) Residue curve maps, (h) MEK-MIPK-water system containing two minumum-hoiling binary azeotropes. 

Organic peroxide-aromatic tertiary amine system is a well-known organic redox system 1]. The typical examples are benzoyl peroxide(BPO)-N,N-dimethylani-line(DMA) and BPO-DMT(N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine) systems. The binary initiation system has been used in vinyl polymerization in dental acrylic resins and composite resins [2] and in bone cement [3]. Many papers have reported the initiation reaction of these systems for several decades, but the initiation mechanism is still not unified and in controversy [4,5]. Another kind of organic redox system consists of organic hydroperoxide and an aromatic tertiary amine system such as cumene hydroperoxide(CHP)-DMT is used in anaerobic adhesives [6]. Much less attention has been paid to this redox system and its initiation mechanism. A water-soluble peroxide such as persulfate and amine systems have been used in industrial aqueous solution and emulsion polymerization [7-10], yet the initiation mechanism has not been proposed in detail until recently [5]. In order to clarify the structural effect of peroxides and amines including functional monomers containing an amino group, a polymerizable amine, on the redox-initiated polymerization of vinyl monomers and its initiation mechanism, a series of studies have been carried out in our laboratory. 

An example for a partially known ternary phase diagram is the sodium octane 1 -sulfonate/ 1-decanol/water system [61]. Figure 34 shows the isotropic areas L, and L2 for the water-rich surfactant phase with solubilized alcohol and for the solvent-rich surfactant phase with solubilized water, respectively. Furthermore, the lamellar neat phase D and the anisotropic hexagonal middle phase E are indicated (for systematics, cf. Ref. 62). For the quaternary sodium octane 1-sulfonate (A)/l-butanol (B)/n-tetradecane (0)/water (W) system, the tricritical point which characterizes the transition of three coexisting phases into one liquid phase is at 40.1°C A, 0.042 (mass parts) B, 0.958 (A + B = 56 wt %) O, 0.54 W, 0.46 [63]. For both the binary phase equilibrium dodecane... 

Solution To determine the location of the azeotrope for a specified pressure, the liquid composition has to be varied and a bubble-point calculation performed at each liquid composition until a composition is identified, whereby X = y,-. Alternatively, the vapor composition could be varied and a dew-point calculation performed at each vapor composition. Either way, this requires iteration. Figure 4.5 shows the x—y diagram for the 2-propanol-water system. This was obtained by carrying out a bubble-point calculation at different values of the liquid composition. The point where the x—y plot crosses the diagonal line gives the azeotropic composition. A more direct search for the azeotropic composition can be carried out for such a binary system in a spreadsheet by varying T and x simultaneously and by solving the objective function (see Section 3.9) ... 

Thus, if the saturated vapor pressure is known at the azeotropic composition, the activity coefficient can be calculated. If the composition of the azeotrope is known, then the compositions and activity of the coefficients at the azeotrope can be substituted into the Wilson equation to determine the interaction parameters. For the 2-propanol-water system, the azeotropic composition of 2-propanol can be assumed to be at a mole fraction of 0.69 and temperature of 353.4 K at 1 atm. By combining Equation 4.93 with the Wilson equation for a binary system, set up two simultaneous equations and solve Au and A21. Vapor pressure data can be taken from Table 4.11 and the universal gas constant can be taken to be 8.3145 kJ-kmol 1-K 1. Then, using the values of molar volume in Table 4.12, calculate the interaction parameters for the Wilson equation and compare with the values in Table 4.12. 

Mackay, D., Shiu, W.Y., Wolkoff, A.W. (1975) Gas chromatographic determination of low concentrations of hydrocarbons in water by vapor phase extraction. ASTM STP 573, pp. 251-258, Am. Soc. Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Macknick, A.B., Prausnitz, J.M. (1979) Vapor pressures of high-molecular-weight hydrocarbons.. /. Chem. Eng. Data 24, 175-178. Mac/ynski. A., Wioeniewska-Goclowska, B., Goral, M. (2004) Recommended liquid-liquid equilibrium data. Part 1. Binary alkane-water systems. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 33, 549-577. 

A similar strategy was used to develop the PFGC-MES equation of state parameters for describing the behavior of methanol hydrocarbon acid gas water systems. Multiple phase binary interaction parameters were used as required. Again, these second phase binary interaction parameters were usually not temperature dependent. 

Carbon Dioxide - Water System, The data of Wiebe and Gaddy (4, 5, 6) were used exclusively in this study to determine the interaction parameters for the carbon dioxide - water binary system. These data cover the temperature and pressure range from 12°C to 100°C and from 25 atm to 700 atm respectively. As with the HzS - H2O system, a constant interaction parameter has been obtained for the gaseous phase and the carbon dioxide - rich... 

The interaction parameters for binary systems containing water with methane, ethane, propane, n-butane, n-pentane, n-hexane, n-octane, and benzene have been determined using data from the literature. The phase behavior of the paraffin - water systems can be represented very well using the modified procedure. However, the aromatic - water system can not be correlated satisfactorily. Possibly a differetn type of mixing rule will be required for the aromatic - water systems, although this has not as yet been explored. 

A constant interaction parameter was capable of representing the mole fraction of water in the vapor phase within experimental uncertainty over the temperature range from 100°F to 460°F. As with the methane - water system, the temperature - dependent interaction parameter is also a monotonically increasing function of temperature. However, at each specified temperature, the interaction parameter for this system is numerically greater than that for the methane - water system. Although it is possible for this binary to form a three-phase equilibrium locus, no experimental data on this effect have been reported. 

Propane - Water System. The interaction parameters for the propane - water system were obtained over a temperature range from 42°F to 310°F using exclusively the data of Kobayashi and Katz (24). This is because among the available literature on the phase behavior of this binary system, their data appear to give the most extensive information. A constant interaction parameter was obtained for the propane-rich phases at all temperatures. The magnitude of the temperature - dependent interaction parameter for this binary was less than that for the ethane - water binary at the same temperature. Azarnoosh and McKetta (25) also presented experimental data for the solubility of propane in water over about the same temperature range as that of Kobayashi and Katz but at pressures up to 500 psia only. However, a different set of temperature - dependent parameters... 

Interaction parameter was also generated for the hydrocarbon -rich phases of the n-octane - water system. The data of Kalafati and Piir (37j were used. There were no data available for the water - rich liquid phase for this binary. 

Three-Phase Loci. Figure 11 shows the three-phase loci for the alkane - water systems. No experimental three-phase data were available in the literature for the ethane - water binary. 

As was mentioned earlier, the three-phase data reported by Scheffer (29) for pentane - water were for a "binary" composed of water an a mixture of i-pentane and n-pentane. As shown in the figure, these data are bounded by the calculated loci of the i-pentane - water and n-pentane - water systems. 

Kriwet, K., and Mueller-Goymann, C.C., Binary diclofenac diethylamine—water systems mieelles, vesieles, and lyotropie liquid crysta s,Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 39 234-238 (1993). 

Figure 8. Binary phase diagram of Cj GE -water system. G gel phase, N neat phase, I isotropic solution, II two liquid phase...

Figure 9. Effect of acyl chain length(N) on the binary phase diagram of Cj GE -water systems...

Li, A., Doucette, W.J., and Andren, A.W. Solubility of polychlorinated biphenyls in binary water/organic solvent systems, Chemosphere, 24(9) 1347-1360, 1992. 

Nakahara, S., Masamoto, H., and Aral, Y. Interfacial tension of two-phase water-alkene binary liquid system. J. Chem. Eng. Jpn., 23(l) 94-95, 1990. 

Wyslouzil, B. E., J. H. Seinfeld, R. C. Flagan, and K. Okuyama, Binary Nucleation in Acid-Water Systems. II. Sulfuric Acid-Water and a Comparison with Methanesulfonic Acid-Water, J. Chem. Phys., 94, 6842-6850 (1991). 

As the author points out, the sulfuric acid-water system is one of the few examples of a liquid binary system in which certain properties change discontinuously. In this case dsjdp, where s is the specific gravity and p the per cent concentration of H2S04, has discontinuities at certain values of p. The most pronounced correspond to the compositions H2S04—H20 and H2S04—2H20. Mendeleev (102) believes that these characteristic points are connected with the formation in the solutions of definite chemical compounds. The more stable the compound the sharper the discontinuity in the property versus composition. 

---