Carbon bactericidal

Chemicals Primary surfactant (e.g., petroleum sulfonate) Co-surfactant/co-solvent (e.g., C3 to C5 alcohol) Polymer (e.g., xanthan) Alkaline agents (e.g., sodium carbonate) Bactericides (e.g., formaldehyde) Sacrificial adsorption agents... 

Monoterpenes, 10-carbon-containing terpenoids, are composed of two isoprene units, and found abundantly in plants, e.g. (+)-limonene from lemon oil, and (—)-linalool from rose oil. Many monoterpenes are the constituents of plant volatile oils or essential oils. These compounds are particularly important as flavouring agents in pharmaceutical, confectionery and perfume products. However, a number of monoterpenes show various types of bioactivity and are used in medicinal preparations. For example, camphor is used in liniments against rheumatic pain, menthol is used in ointments and liniments as a remedy against itching, bitter-orange peel is used as an aromatic bitter tonic and as a remedy for poor appetite and thymol and carvacrol are used in bactericidal preparations. 

Hussain and Nizamuddin have synthesized 1, 3-dithiolane substituted spiro-(5-lactams (Scheme 27) since 1, 3-dithiolane derivatives exhibit various biological activities like fungicidal, bactericidal, and insecticidal [97]. The starting thiadia-zoles 104 were treated with sodium hydroxide and carbon disulfide to get the corresponding disodium dithiocarbamate 105, which were stirred with 1,2-dichlo-roethane to obtain 106. Cyclocondensation of 106 with chloroacetyl chloride in dry dioxane in the presence of triethylamine gave the spiro-(5-lactams 107. These spiro-(5-lactams were found to exhibit antifungal activity 75-85% at 100-ppm concentration against P. oryzae and F. oxysporum. 

In a similar way, a well-adhered surface modification of BC fibers can be achieved with Ti(>2 nanoparticles (with a diameter of about 10 nm) by the hydrolysis of titanium tetraisopropanolate adsorbed onto the fibers. It was observed that the titania-coated surface appears to be dense and have low porosity and to consist of near-spherical grains. By washing with sodium carbonate solution, the TiC>2 films were not removed during neutralization. It seems that the particles have formed strong interactions with BC. The coated membranes showed substantial bactericidal properties under UV radiation and white light (containing a small fraction of UV) conditions, too. This effect is caused by the photocatalytic destruction of the bacterial cells. 

Many other household products can be analysed in similar ways to those described above for chemicals. Household bleach is essentially an inorganic chemical. There has been concern expressed about mercury levels in hypochlorite bleach because of the way it is manufactured. The cold vapour reduction/aeration method referred to above is a good way of determining low mercury levels with minimal matrix problems [82]. In the past organo-mercurial compounds have been used (e.g. as bactericides) in some household products these may be selectively determined by extraction with an organic solvent (e.g. carbon tetrachloride or benzene), and then application of the cold-vapour method following the addition of cysteine acetate, or by coupled gas chromatography/atomic absorption [83],... 

Treatment of monothiolcarbonate esters, for example, 33 with bases yields derivatives of 3-hydroxythietane 34. The bactericidal 2-thia-6-azabicyclo-[2.2.0]hexane 36 is obtained by cleavage of a carbon-sulfur bond in the penam 35. 

Chlorine (0.19% of lithosphere) is produced mainly from NaCl which is either crystallised from brines or mined. The gas is a product of the electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride for caustic soda production, with carbon anodes and a mercury cathode. It is also a by-product of the manufacture mainly of metallic sodium, but also of magnesium and calcium, by electrolysing the appropriate fused chloride. Its chief uses are as a bleach, a bactericide, and an industrial chemical. 

Poisoning has been traced to adsorption phenomena. Substances that poison biological systems often are well adsorbed on carbon and other adsorbents. The hemolytic activity of alkaline soaps parallels their adsorbability on activated carbon and this is also true of the bactericidal activity of phenyl-substituted acids.9 Narcotics show a similar relation.10 Poisoning in biological systems often can be traced to the adsorption of substances on cell walls. In some instances it ends the flow of materials in and out of the cell in others, adsorption of the poison on active centers prevents the synthesis of vital substances. 

Sulphuric acid Bactericide Biodegradable samples containing organic carbon, COD, oil, or grease... 

---