Carbon alkane

With the five-carbon alkane, pentane, there are three ways to draw the structural formula of this compound with five carbon atoms and twelve hydrogen atoms. The isomers of normal pentane are isopentane and neopentane. The structural formulas of these compounds are illustrated in Table 2, while typical properties are given in Table 1. 

Straight-chain alkanes are named according to the number of carbon atoms they contain, as shown in Table 3.3. With the exception of the first four compounds—methane, ethane, propane, and butane—whose names have historical roots, the alkanes are named based on Greek numbers. The suffix -one is added to the end of each name to indicate that the molecule identified is an alkane. Thus, pentane is the five-carbon alkane, hexeme is the six-carbon alkane, and so on. We ll soon see that these alkane names form the basis for naming all other organic compounds, so at least the first ten should be memorized. 

Odd numbered carbon alkanes, abundant palmitic acid, tetracosenoic (lignoceric) acid, palmitate esters, long chain alcohols Beeswax [11,23,27]... 

ELUmo is a measure of the ability of a compound to accept electrons (i.e., to act as an electrophile or undergo reduction). The above correlations show a decrease in ELUMO as the number of chlorines increases. As ELUM0 decreases, the ability of a compound to behave as an electrophile increases however, properties that increase stability increase LUMO energy and decrease reactivity. For example, between two-carbon alkanes and alkenes, r = -0.5104 and r = -0.9948, respectively. These data agree with Richard and Hunter (1996) in regard to the stability of alkanes over alkenes. 

Overall, LUMO correlates well for several alcohol, aromatic, halogenated aliphatic, and nitrile groups however, the LUMOs of two-carbon alkanes... 

Log P correlated well for six-carbon aromatics and small alcohols and carboxylic acids (in regard to number of carbons). Correlations for two-carbon alkanes were also better than the other descriptors (see Figure 5.15). 

For two-carbon alkanes, log P increases as the number of chlorines increases. The dataset consists of 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane 1,1,1-trichloroet-hane 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane 1,1,2-trichloroethane 1,1-dichloroethane 1,2-dichloroethane, chloroethane hexachloroethane and pentachloroethane. Log P represents 93.52% of the variance in the linear regression equation. The probability of getting a correlation of 0.9671 for a sample size of nine is less than 1%. 

B is correct. The bonds are stabilized by resonance and are shorter and stronger than carbon-carbon alkane bonds but longer and weaker than carbon-carbon alkene bonds. 

Alkanes are fuels they burn in air if ignited. Complete combustion gives carbon dioxide and water less complete combustion gives carbon monoxide or other less oxidized forms of carbon. Alkanes react with halogens (chlorine or bromine) in a reaction initiated by heat or light. One or more hydrogens can be replaced by halogens. This substitution reaction occurs by a free-radical chain mechanism. 

Some attention has been given to the toxicity of octadecylamine, which contains a straight-chain, 18-carbon alkane group, because of its use as an anticorrosive agent in steam lines. There is some evidence to suggest that the compound is a primary skin sensitizer. 

Alkenes are hydrocarbons containing at least one double bond. For alkenes with only one double bond, the empirical formula is CnH2n. The names for all alkenes end with -ene. The naming system on alkenes is the same as alkanes, with the exception of the -ene ending. For example, the two-carbon alkane, C2H6, is called ethane, while the two-carbon alkene, C2H4, is called ethene. 

Alkane Name Number of Carbons Alkane Name Number of Carbons... 

Ethane, the two-carbon alkane, is composed of two methyl groups with overlapping sp3 hybrid orbitals forming a sigma bond between them. 

Propane is the three-carbon alkane, with formula C3H8. Figure 3-8 shows a three-dimensional representation of propane and a Newman projection looking down one of the carbon-carbon bonds. 

Butane is the four-carbon alkane, with molecular formula C4H10. We refer to n-butane as... 

The three-carbon alkane CH3CH2CH3, called propane, has molecular formula C3H8. Each carbon in the three-dimensional drawing has two bonds in the plane (solid lines), one bond in front (on a wedge), and one bond behind the plane (on a dashed line). 

The structure of C6H6 is different from a six-carbon alkane... 

The student should certainly memorize the names of at least the first ten alkanes. Having done this, he has at the same time essentially learned the names of the first ten alkenes, alkyncs, alcohols, etc., since the names of many families of compounds are closely related. Compare, for example, the names propaney propene, and propvne for the three-carbon alkane, alkene, and alkyne. 

A given alkane can be drawn in many ways. For example, the straight-chain, four-carbon alkane called butane can be represented by any of the structures shown in Figure 3.2. These structures don t imply any particular three-dimensional geometry for butane they only indicate the connections among atoms. In practice, we usually refer to butane by the condensed... 

Write correct molecular formulas for pentadecane, a 15-carbon alkane, and icosane, a 20-carbon alkane. 

Aldehydes are formally named by changing the final -e of the name of the alkane with the same number of carbon atoms to the suffix -al. Thus, the formal name of the compound represented above is methanal, based on the one-carbon alkane methane. Methanal is commonly called formaldehyde. A water solution of formaldehyde was used in the past to preserve biological specimens. However, formaldehyde s use has been restricted in recent years because evidence shows it may cause cancer. Industrially, large quantities of formaldehyde are reacted with urea to manufacture a type of grease-resist-ant, hard plastic used to make buttons, appliance and automotive parts, and electrical outlets, as well as the glue that holds the layers of plywood together. 

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