Carbohydrates carbon monoxide, reaction with

Once the product specifications have been fixed, some decisions need to be made regarding the reaction path. There are sometimes different paths to the same product. For example, suppose ethanol is to be manufactured. Ethylene could be used as a raw material and reacted with water to produce ethanol. An alternative would be to start with methanol as a raw material and react it with synthesis gas (a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen) to produce the same product. These two paths employ chemical reactor technology. A third path could employ a biochemical reaction (or fermentation) that exploits the metabolic processes of microorganisms in a biochemical reactor. Ethanol could therefore also be manufactured by fermentation of a carbohydrate. 

The reaction of potassium chlorate with a carbohydrate (e.g., lactose) will produce carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2 I or a mixture depending on the oxidizerifuel ratio. The balanced equations are given as equations 8.2 and 8. 3. (Lactose occurs as a hydrate - one water molecule crystallizes with each lactose molecule.)... 

Some 2,3-unsaturated sugars have also been prepared by the reaction of 2-iodinated carbohydrates with sodium cobalt tetra-carbonyl and carbon monoxide.188 Methyl 3,4,6-tri-0-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-iodo-/3-D-glucopyranoside (149) in ether reacts at room temperature to give, in high yield, methyl 4,6-di-0-acetyl-2,3-dideoxy-/3-D-eri/thro-hex-2-enopyranoside (150). Under the same reaction conditions,... 

Sometimes, in the oxidation processes of the body, instead of carbohydrates being oxidized to carbon dioxide and water, side reactions occur. In these hydrogen peroxide is formed in very small quantities and, if insufficient oxygen is present small quantities of carbon monoxide. How does the body deal with these unwanted byproducts ... 

The anhydro sugars were allowed to react with carbon monoxide and hydrogen (or methanol) in the same equipment used in the application of the 0X0 reaction to unsaturated carbohydrates. It was essential, however, that all reactants be anhydrous, and that the equipment be assembled in a dry-box, because traces of moisture cause hydrolysis of the anhydrides. 

Lactic acid is prepared by the fermentation of carbohydrates, such as glucose, sucrose, and lactose, with Bacillus acidi lacti or related microorganisms. On a commercial scale, whey, corn starch, potatoes, or molasses are used as a source of carbohydrate. Lactic acid may also be prepared synthetically by the reaction between acetaldehyde and carbon monoxide at 130-200°C under high pressure, or by the hydrolysis of hexoses with sodium hydroxide. 

Traditionally, oxalic acid has been extracted from natural products by treating them with an alkaline solution, followed by crystallization of the acid. Sodium hydroxide is the alkaline material most commonly used for this procedure. Today, a number of methods are available for the commercial preparation of oxalic acid. In one procedure, carbon monoxide gas is bubbled through a concentrated solution of sodium hydroxide to produce oxalic acid. Alternatively, sodium formate (COONa) is heated in the presence of sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate to obtain the acid. Another popular method of preparing oxalic acid involves the oxidation of sucrose (common table sugar) or more complex carbohydrates using nitric acid as a catalyst. The reaction results in the formation of oxalic acid and water as the primary products. 

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