Carbohydrates biological applications

Synthetic aspects for access to monovalent fullerene-carbohydrate hybrids were highlighted, but only a few biological applications were mentioned. In contrast, multivalent presentation of saccharides by multiple anchorages to the same structure, or their presentation as antennary glycodendrons, has generated promising results. 

Csuk and Glanzer [48] published a detailed compilation of NMR data of fluorinated carbohydrates. Two other reviews on fluoro-sugars also mention chemical characteristics and biological applications [49,50]. 

Comprehensive coverage of the important classes of biomolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, peptides, proteins, and nucleic acids) appears in Chapters 25-27. But biological applications are such an important part of organic chemistry that they deserve more attention throughout the course. We were especially alert to opportunities to introduce more biologically oriented material to complement that which had already grown signih-cantly since the first edition. Some specific examples ... 

M. Meldal, I. Christiansen-Brams. M. K. Christensen, S. Mouritsen, K. Bock Synthesis and biological application of glycosylated peptide templates in Complex carbohydrates in drug research. Structural and functional aspects. (Eds Bock K, Clausen H), Copenhagen, Munksgaard, 1994. pp. 15.3-165. 

Once chemoenzymatically produced, these unnatural sialosides have demonstrated utility in a variety of biological applications. A sialoside consisting of 9-0-acetylated sialyl Tn antigen (sTn) was produced by one-pot synthesis and conjugated to human serum albumin to be used to evaluate the role of acetylation in carbohydrate-protein interactions. Para-nitrophenol-tagged sialosides can be used in a colorimetric assay to evaluate sialidase specificity. Biotin-tagged sialosides have been immobilized on a streptavidin-coated surface to study protein-carbohydrate interactions with surface plasmon resonance techniques. Size-defined... 

Griffiths, W.J., Shackleton, C., Sjdvall, J. (2005) Steroid analysis. In The Encyclopaedia of Mass Spectrometry Volume 3. Biological Applications Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids and Other Biological Compounds, edited by Caprioli, R.M., Gross, M L. Oxford, UK Elsevier Ltd. 

Chabre YM, Roy R (2011) Solving promiscuous protein carbohydrate recognition domains with multivalent glycofullerenes. In Renaudet O, Spinelli N (eds) Synthesis and biological applications of glycoconjugates. Bentham Science, Oak Park, pp. 64—77... 

Dendrimers are highly promising scaffolds for biological applications in multivalent carbohydrate recognition because they can be very flexible, reducing the entropy cost associated with multivalent binding. In addition, the... 

The calixarene family has proved to be an attractive scaffold for the development of both therapeutic molecules and delivery systems [1], Applications in a wide range of areas including cancer treatments, [2, 3] antivirals, [4] antibacterials, [5] and delivery of genes [6] and drugs [7] have been proposed. Of these, it is the calixsugars that have attracted the most attention where the combination of the carbohydrate and its presentation as a cluster lead to a variety of biological applications. 

---