Multivalent carbohydrate

While the mechanisms of formation of noncovalent crosslinked lattices of lectins with multivalent carbohydrates and glycoproteins have been well investigated,15-17 the mechanisms associated with the enhanced affinities of lectins binding to multivalent carbohydrates and glycoproteins have been less well investigated until recently.18,19... 

L. L. Kiessling, J. K. Pontrello, and M. C. Schuster, Synthetic multivalent carbohydrate ligands as effectors or inhibitors of biological processes, in C.-H. Wong, (Ed.), Carbohydrate-Based Drug Discovery, Wiley-VCH Weinheim, Germany, 2003, pp. 575-608. 

P. I. Kitov, J. M. Sadowska, G. Mulvey, G. D. Armstrong, H. Ling, N. Pannu, R. J. Read, and D. R. Bundle, Shiga-like toxins are neutralized by tailored multivalent carbohydrate ligands, Nature, 403 (2000) 669-672. 

T. K. Dam, R. Roy, D. Page, and C. F. Brewer, Negative cooperativity associated with binding of multivalent carbohydrates to lectins. Thermodynamic analysis of the multivalency effect Biochemistry, 41 (2002) 1351-1358. 

R. J. Pieters, D. T. S. Rijkers, and R. M. J. Liskamp, Application of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction in chemical biology Approaches toward multivalent carbohydrates and peptides and peptide-based polymers, QSAR Comb. Sci., 26 (2007) 1181-1190. 

A. Dondoni, M. Kleban, X. Hu, A. Marra, and H. D. Banks, Glycoside-clustering round calixarenes toward the development of multivalent carbohydrate ligands. Synthesis and conformational analysis of calix[4]arene O- and C-glycoconjugates, J. Org. Chem., 67 (2002) 4722 -733. 

G. M. L. Consoli, F. Cunsolo, C. Geraci, T. Mecca, andP. Neri, Calix[8]arene-based glycoconjugates as multivalent carbohydrate-presenting systems, Tetrahedron Lett., 44 (2003) 7467-7470. 

D. Zanini and R. Roy, Practical synthesis of starburst PAMAM a-thiosialoden-drimers for probing multivalent carbohydrate-lectin binding properties, J. Org. Chem., 63 (1998) 3486-3491. 

Fig. 6. Comparison of the biological activities of monovalent glucose and mannose derivatives, multivalent carbohydrate-substituted polymer with two saccharide epitopes per repeat unit, and the less sterically congested carbohydrate-substituted polymer with a single recognition element per repeat unit. All polymers were generated by ROMP using RuC13...

David, A., Kopeckova, P., Rubinstein, A., Kopecek, J., Enhanced biorecognition and internalization of HPMA copolymers containing multiple or multivalent carbohydrate side-chains by human hepatocarcinoma cells. Bioconjug Chem 12, 890-... 

Wittmann V. Synthetic approaches to study multivalent carbohydrate-lectin interactions. In Schmuck C, Wennemers H, editors. Highlights in bioorganic chemistry. Weinheim Wiley-VCH 2004. pp. 203-213. 

Once multivalent carbohydrate-protein interactions are firmly established with the assistance of neoglycoconjugates such as those described above, further focus toward fine-tuned geometry and valency requirements becomes necessary for a thorough understanding of the binding interactions involved. Until now, these investigations have been more or less dependent on trial and error which... 

Synthetic Approaches to Study Multivalent Carbohydrate-Lectin Interactions... 

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