Carbohydrate epitopes

R. Balestrini, M. G. Hahn, A. Faccio. K. Mendgen, and P. Bonfanie, Differential localization of carbohydrates epitopes in plant cell walls in the presence and absence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Plant Physiol. 111 203 (1996). 

Maizels, R.M., Kennedy, M.W., Meghji, M., Robertson, B.D. and Smith, H.V. (1987) Shared carbohydrate epitopes on distinct surface and secreted antigens of the parasitic nematode Toxocara canis. Journal of Immunology 139, 207—214. 

Page, A.P., Hamilton, A.J. and Maizels, R.M. (1992a) Toxocara canis. monoclonal antibodies to carbohydrate epitopes of secreted (TES) antigens localize to different secretion-related structures in infective larvae. Experimental Parasitobgi 75, 56-71. 

Weber, A., Schroder, H., Thalberg, K. and Marz, L. (1987) Specific interactions of IgE antibodies with a carbohydrate epitope of honey-bee venom phospholipase-A2. Allergy 42, 464-470. 

Jarvis, L.M. and Pritchard, D.I. (1992) An evaluation of the role of carbohydrate epitopes in immunity to Trichinella spiralis. Parasite Immunology 14, 489-501. 

Woodward, M.P., Young, W.W., and Bloodgood, R.A. (1985) Detection of monoclonal antibodies specific for carbohydrate epitopes using periodate oxidation./. Immunol. Meth. 78, 143-153. 

Recent developments are pushing towards elucidating complex binding phenomenon between clustered carbohydrate epitopes and multivalent lectins. Ligand valency often results in aggregation, and the kinetic of the process may complicate the ITC measurements.86 For polymers presenting multiple carbohydrate epitopes, such as mucins, it has been proposed that the enhanced affinity observed for these interactions are due to internal diffusion of lectin molecules from epitope to epitope in these multivalent ligands before dissociation.87,88... 

The branched trisaccharide 1 was defined as the minimal carbohydrate epitope for effective binding to anti-GAS Abs [79]. The bound conformation of 1 in complex with the IgG mAb Strep 9 was investigated by transferred NOE experiments and found to correspond to a local minimum conformation, which differed from the predominant conformation in the free state by a rotation around the xj/ angle of the o -(l-2) linkage [123]. STD-NMR ex-... 

Clearly, further studies will be necessary to sort out the multiple factors involved in the in vivo immune response to C. neoformans carbohydrate-mimetic peptides. Several conclusions may be drawn from the results to date. Peptides that mimic the cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide show specificity, in that each peptide binds with differing affinity to closely related mAbs [140,149]. The pattern of binding to protective and nonprotective mAbs differs between the mimetic peptides and the polysaccharide [140]. Protective efficacy is related to the location of carbohydrate epitopes recognized by these mAbs, within the polysaccharide capsule, but hkely also depends on interactions between mAbs and cellular responses [149]. Peptides have been shown to be functional, immunogenic mimics, but their protective efficacy depends on multiple factors, including the type of Abs elicited and interactions with the cellular immune system. Protective efficacy does not correlate with binding affinity to representative mAbs, but rather depends on the nature of these interactions. 

Clement, A. M., Nadanaka, S., Masayama, K., Mandl, C., Sugahara, K., and Faissner, A. (1998). The DSD-1 carbohydrate epitope depends on sulfation, correlates with chondroitin sulfate D motifs, and is sufficient to promote neurite outgrowth. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 28444-28453. 

C. Foxall, S. R. Watson, D. Dowbenko, C. Fennie, L. A. Lasky, M. Kiso, A. Hasegawa, D. Asa, and B. K. Brandley, The three members of the selectin receptor family recognize a common carbohydrate epitope, the sialyl Lewis X oligosaccharide, J. Cell Biol. 7/7 895 (1992). 

Yi, X.Y., Omer-Ali, P., Kelly, C., Simpson, A.J. and Smithers, S.R. (1986) IgM antibodies recognizing carbohydrate epitopes shared between schistosomula and miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni that block in vitro killing. The journal of Immunology 137, 3946-3954. 

Dissous, C., Grzych, J.M. and Capron, A. (1986) Schistosoma mansoni shares a protective carbohydrate epitope with freshwater and marine snails. Nature 323, 443-445. 

Geyer, H., Wuhrer, M., Kurokawa, T. and Geyer, R. (2004) Characterization of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) glycans sharing a carbohydrate epitope with Schistosoma mansoni glycoconjugates. Micron 35, 105-106. 

---